微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課件中英-閱讀頁
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【正文】 g the poor. 應(yīng)該允許州政府向煙草公司收取費(fèi)用，用于治療窮人當(dāng)中與吸煙有關(guān)的疾病的費(fèi)用。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Economists in Washington . . . . . . serve as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government: u Legislative u Executive u Judicial Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Economists in Washington n Some government agencies that collect economic data and make economic policy: 228。 Bureau of Labor Statistics ? 228。 Federal Reserve Board ? Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。商務(wù)部 ? 228。國會(huì) 預(yù)算辦公室 ? 228。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Why Economists Disagree 為什么經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家意見分歧 u They may disagree on theories about how the world works. 對(duì)關(guān)于世界如何運(yùn)行的理論的正確性看法不同。 Table 2 Ten Propositions about Which Most Economists Agree Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。（ 93％） 2. 關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口配額通常降低了普遍的經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。（ 90％） 4. 財(cái)政政策 [ 例如，減稅和（或）增加政府支出 ] 對(duì)低于充分就業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)有重要的刺激效應(yīng)。（ 85％） 6. 現(xiàn)金轉(zhuǎn)移支付使領(lǐng)取者福利的增加大于等量現(xiàn)金的實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付。（ 83％） 8. 最低工資增加了年輕人和不熟練工人中的失業(yè)。（ 79％） 10. 排污稅和可交易的污染許可證作為控制污染的方法優(yōu)于實(shí)行污染上限。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary u Economists try to address their subjects with a scientist’s objectivity. u They make appropriate assumptions and build simplified models in order to understand the world around them. u Two simple economic models are the circularflow diagram and the production possibilities frontier. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u 為了理解周圍的世界，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)募僭O(shè)并建立簡單的模型。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分為兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。 u 宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的力量和趨勢。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary u Economics relies on both positive and normative analysis. u Positive statements is an assertion about how the world “is”。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)依賴實(shí)證分析和規(guī)范分析。 u 規(guī)范表述是關(guān)于世界 應(yīng)該是什么 的論斷。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 給 政策制定者提供建議的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家提出相互沖突的建議，這是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)判斷的不同，或者是價(jià)值觀的不同。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Government (41%) Other (4%) Individuals (23%) Private Insurers (32%) (a) Pie Chart Productivity Index (farm output per hour of labor, 1977 = 100) 100 80 60 40 20 0 160 120 140 (c) TimeSeries Graph 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1996 Value (in billions of dollars) General Electric ($126 billion) 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 $140 Exxon ($99 billion) (b) Bar Graph IBM ($68 billion) General Motors ($39 billion) Figure 2A1 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Price of Novels 5 4 3 2 1 30 Quantity of Novels Purchased 6 7 8 9 10 $11 0 5 10 15 20 25 Demand, D 1 (5, $10) (9, $9) (13, $8) (17, $7) (21, $6) (25, $5) Figure 2A3 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Price of Novels 5 4 3 2 1 30 Quantity of Novels Purchased 6 7 8 9 10 $11 0 5 21 13 10 15 20 25 Demand, D 1 (13, $8) (21, $6) 6 2 8 5 2 2 21 2 13 5 8 Figure 2A5 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Violent Crimes (per 1,000 people) Police Officers (per 1,000 people) 0 Figure 2A7
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