世界需求和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力對(duì)出口和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的影響外文翻譯(完整版)
【正文】 s merits a closer look (. Gereffi 1989). This paper examines the relationship between export growth and economic growth within an integrative framework. It argues that developing countries (abbreviated to LDCs) are rather differentiated in their economic structures so that the relationship between exports and economic growth is likely to vary. Thus, it is unlikely that the above relationship may be fully explained by one viewpoint. Two variables, world demand and petitiveness, capturing demandoriented as well supplyoriented explanations of the mechanisms linking export growth to ine growth are first established. The two variables are then incorporated into an exportsgrowth model, and, their effects on the aforemen tinned relationship investigated. The primary units of analysis are developing countries, although the study is also relevant to regional development. Particularly when developing countries may be conceived as regional units, except that many of the decisions governing economic growth in the former are made at the national level. The paper is organized as follows: the next section documents the theoritical and empirical underpinnings of export optimism as well as export pessimism , and their resulting polarized positions . The model for investigating integration is introduced next, followed by a discussion of the data and results. The paper ends with a summary of the findings and their implications. The Exportsgrowth Debate The question as to whether economic growth may be rapidly promoted through exports is characterized by two schools of thought: Export optimism. Export optimists consider trade to be an engine of growth and place much confidence in the role of prices to allocate resources efficiently. Countries or regions that are able to pete in their exports enhance their economic growth because this increases productivity and specialization, and improves efficiency through better resource allocation. Drawing on the principles of classical parative advantage as well as ventforsurplus and staple theories (see for example Myint 1958。 Riedel 1987). In the second viewpoint, the success of exportled growth is said to rest on a favorable trade environment which depends on the economic prosperity of core regions. This demandoriented viewpoint suggests that exports are not expected to expand faster than the demand for them by core regions (. Lewis 1980。 Dodaro 1993。 Syron and Walsh 1968。s (1988) study contradicts Balassa39。s viewpoint, the contribution of exports to economic growth is affected by both external demand as well as a country or region39。 文獻(xiàn)兩極分化的一個(gè)結(jié)果是，地區(qū)試圖發(fā)展往往采用二元形式發(fā)展模型。兩個(gè)變量，世界需求和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，鎖定需求為導(dǎo)向以及供給為導(dǎo)向的解釋的出口增長(zhǎng)與收入增長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系的機(jī)制首先建立。古典的繪圖以比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的原則，及通風(fēng)的過剩和主食的理論（例如見敏 1958 年，北美 1955 年， 1961年），出口樂觀者指出潛在收益的出現(xiàn)是由于貿(mào)易的結(jié)果。其他令人信服的理由，包括由發(fā)展中國(guó)家需要賺取外匯，以資助工業(yè)化的進(jìn)口，以及豐富的勞動(dòng)力的部署，以便它使就業(yè)和工資增長(zhǎng)（克魯格曼， 1988 年）。出口悲觀主義者主張更多內(nèi)向性的戰(zhàn)略，即進(jìn)口替代作為主要的發(fā)展模式。一些出口的悲觀論者的立場(chǎng)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)指出 ，在對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的出口實(shí)績(jī)的外部需求的作用研究中（如凱沃西， 1985 年等）。對(duì)于調(diào)查的出口與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)系，巴拉薩（ 1985 年）報(bào)告，在 1973 年的石油危機(jī)期間，存在一個(gè)較高的產(chǎn)品出口參數(shù)值。這也符合幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中有一個(gè)行業(yè)首先向內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)向國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)，直到足夠的成熟，再顯現(xiàn)在外部需求和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的保護(hù)理論。在此期間，外部經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生了勞動(dòng)培訓(xùn)和創(chuàng)業(yè)的形式。 。隨著工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程的深入，更多的資本置換密集型中間產(chǎn)品的追求是促進(jìn)出口的另一階段。比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的石化行業(yè)創(chuàng)造韓國(guó)政府是一個(gè)中間產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口替代很好的例子。 一個(gè)出口樂觀主義者和出口悲觀者之間沖突的重要原因是開放程度，認(rèn)為在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展進(jìn)程是可取的。 當(dāng)外部需求得更大時(shí)，對(duì)全球貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義上升考慮，繼續(xù)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)擴(kuò)大吸收能力，在全球結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整面臨著危機(jī)，對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的出口產(chǎn)品更是提出質(zhì)疑（克萊恩， 1982 年）。 最早研究者之一（納克斯， 1961 年）研究貿(mào)易外部環(huán)境影響。這些研究的結(jié)論是，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)與出口增長(zhǎng)密切相關(guān)的（巴拉薩， 1985 年等）。貿(mào)易對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的作用在于擴(kuò)大勞動(dòng)力和資金供給，而技術(shù)進(jìn)步提高生產(chǎn)率（里德爾， 1987 年）。分析的主要單位是發(fā)展中國(guó)家，雖然這項(xiàng)研究也關(guān)系到區(qū)域發(fā)展。從廣義上講，這些二元論被已經(jīng)稱為“出口樂觀與出口悲觀”的爭(zhēng)論限制（巴格瓦蒂1988 年）。出口與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間
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