【正文】 y，and changes in scope， is effects these aspects have on the project is noted， so that such extra costs associated with disruption of work， or lack of continuity can be avoided. informs top management exists in the capacity of overseer of the direction and objectives of the factors which affect either the capital investment aspects of a project or the final availability of capital must therefore be reported to it. established an essential contact with the fianc233。呈報(bào)給他們的報(bào)告必須簡明扼要，要包括使他們了解最新情況所需的最少量的細(xì)節(jié)。 低層 這一層次由項(xiàng)目工程及項(xiàng)目小組組成。把 工程分解成小的子項(xiàng)目（這一點(diǎn)以后要談到），有助于進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的估估計(jì)。反之，估計(jì)過低又會(huì)造成貸款不足，而在緊要關(guān)頭湊措資金都只能靠付出高利率才行。影響工程投資或資金獎(jiǎng)金最終到位情況等種種因素都必須向最高層管理部門匯報(bào)。工程費(fèi)用略高于最初預(yù)算是普遍現(xiàn)象。與人們合作是工程項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理工作的主要方面。工程項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理于局外人的關(guān)系通常是受限于相互交換的方式，即使局外人通過提供服務(wù)來換取酬金。 在工程隊(duì)成員之間以及外部的項(xiàng)目投資者之間建立并保持所需的協(xié)作關(guān)系中，要求工程項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理對(duì)處理人際關(guān)系有足夠的興趣和技能，或者是像凱茨這類作者所稱的“人事管理技能”這一技能定義為具有同別人一道工作，并通過別 人來完成工作的能力。要準(zhǔn)備規(guī)劃方法就要全面的了解個(gè) 項(xiàng)任務(wù)，各項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)的活動(dòng)順序，時(shí)間安排以及執(zhí)行并完成這些業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)所需要的人力，資金，設(shè)備來源等。 ” 在將精辟的解釋應(yīng)用于工程項(xiàng)目管理是，可以說工程項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理要能夠把吧工程項(xiàng)目環(huán)境得各個(gè)要素以及它們之間的影響 的程度綜合考慮，是工程項(xiàng)目成功的關(guān)鍵。 對(duì)于工程項(xiàng) 目經(jīng)理來說，缺乏縱觀全局能力就會(huì)導(dǎo)致施工中麻煩不斷，有時(shí)還會(huì)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)工程的失敗。四種施加影響的方法是：施加壓力、相互交換、規(guī)章制度、以及勸解說服。這就是說，工程項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理一定要使別人支持工程項(xiàng)目和業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)，一次作為保證其履行義務(wù)的手段。不經(jīng)過控制的質(zhì)量有時(shí)模糊不清，采用的方式極端笨拙。這些方面對(duì)于該工程所產(chǎn)生的影響予以關(guān)注，以避免因施工中斷或施工缺乏連續(xù)增加額為的費(fèi)用。很清楚，如果工程依賴借別人資本，這一點(diǎn)無論怎樣強(qiáng)調(diào)都不過分。這一藍(lán)圖包括開支，工作程序，技術(shù)條件，物資來源等各方面。著手實(shí)施工程項(xiàng)目管理體系對(duì)股份公司和其它國有企業(yè)來講， 的確有很大的壓力。他收到來自項(xiàng)目小組的月情況報(bào)告，并編寫較長期的報(bào)告，提交上級(jí)管理部門。 longterm contracts involve interim payment for work done by the contract or for materials finance function must ensure that the projected sashflows out of the firm can be maintained without embarrassment， thus accurate projections of these are necessary， clearly， this point cannot be stressed strongly enough when the project relies on borrowed capital. Overestimating these cash outflows results in over borrowing， and at present day interest rates this can be ，underestimation can give rise to under borrowing， and finding money at the eleventh hour is possible only by paying high interest problem is particular acute with large public corporations that borrow form funding bodies such as the European Money Fund（ EMF） . performs effective project planning .in implementing an effective control system to achieve the objectives， the buildup and monitored .this blueprint to work from has been established that the progress of a project can be controlled and monitored this blueprint prehends all aspects of cost programme ， technical specifications， resources and the developing such a plan， the project team are ensured of a general overview of all the factors affecting the may then present to those approving estimate. aids the estimating process， the system of breaking a project down into small elements of work， as will be described later， helps to produce an accurate. help in subseque