【正文】 評 分 指 導 教 師 華中科技大學武昌分校 20 年 月 日 進口玩具 的安全，消費者保護和世界貿易組織的技 術貿易 壁壘協(xié)定：前景，進展和問題 全球貿易、人權和進口的安全 人類和動物受進口產品感染的風險不應該 被 過分 夸大。技術法規(guī)和標準 中 有關 玩具質量和安全 的規(guī)定 即 這些規(guī)定并 沒有歧視性的 “ 法理 ” 或 “ 事實 ”， 但 這些 標準和法規(guī) 在國際之間的差異 也有可能 造成 貿 易 障礙。根據兒童權利公約 19 條的規(guī)定 :“ 締約國應采取一切適當?shù)牧⒎?、行政、社會和教育措施，保護兒童在受父母、法定監(jiān)護人或其他任何負責照管兒童的人的照料時，不致受到任何形式的身心摧殘 、傷害或凌辱 ，忽視或照料不周，虐待或剝削，包括性侵犯 ”。從本質上講，所有產品，包括工業(yè)和農業(yè)產 品 都 受 TBT 第 21 條 協(xié)議 規(guī)定 。再次，如果成員國所采取的措施是 為了 挑戰(zhàn) 另外的成員 國 ，則相關的國際標準將是有效或合理的。 finally, they can hide protectionist policies?.18 Product safety, domestic regulatory autonomy and the WTO TBT Agreement Government regulations and industry standards that lay down characteristics or related processes and production methods for toys are covered by the TBT Agreement. The Agreement defines a technical regulation as a ?document which ?lays down product characteristics or their related processes and production methods?, including the applicable administrative provisions, with which pliance is mandatory. It may also include or deal exclusively with terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labelling requirements as they apply to a product, process or production method?.19 The TBT Agreement also applies to technical standards and conformity assessment as defined in Annex I of the The TBT Agreement covers a broad range of products. Essentially, all products, including industrial and agricultural products are subject to the provisions of the Excluded, however, are purchasing specifications ?prepared by governmental bodies for production or consumption requirements of governmental bodies?.22 The TBT Agreement works a fine line between respecting the sovereign right of states to safeguard the health and safety of their citizens and ensuring that technical regulations do not operate as disguised barriers to international trade. The sixth preambular paragraph reads: “Recognising that no country should be prevented from taking measures necessary to ensure the quality of its exports, or for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, of the environment, or for the prevention of deceptive practices, at the levels it considers appropriate, subject to the requirement that they are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of