【正文】 ion with the puter. Humans develop part programs that control the FMS via puters. 人也需要和計(jì)算機(jī)互動(dòng)。 Human/puter interaction is the key to the flexibility of an FMS. 人機(jī)交互 是 FMS柔性的關(guān)鍵。 The first major users of flexible manufacturing in the United States were manufacturers of automobiles, trucks, and tractors. 美國(guó)應(yīng)用柔性制造技術(shù)的早期使用者主要是汽車、卡車和拖拉機(jī)制造業(yè)。 拓展 柔性自動(dòng)化制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程及現(xiàn)狀 一 、 發(fā)展歷程的第一種劃分方法 （ 三個(gè)階段 ） 剛性自動(dòng)化 設(shè)備 自動(dòng) /半自動(dòng)機(jī)床、組合機(jī)床、組合機(jī)床自動(dòng)線； 對(duì)象 單一品種大批量生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化； 特點(diǎn) 生產(chǎn)效率高、加工品種單一。 特點(diǎn)：柔性、高效率；適用于多品種中小批量生產(chǎn)； 新技術(shù)： GT， DNC， FMS，監(jiān)控技術(shù) …… 第四階段（ 1973－）：計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng) CIMS CIMS在 20世紀(jì) 80年代以來(lái)發(fā)展迅速。另一方面，獨(dú)立的 CNC機(jī)構(gòu)能提供最大的柔性，但是生產(chǎn)率低。 Traditionally, CNC machines have been used to produce small volumes of parts that differ slightly in design. 傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控機(jī)床現(xiàn)已被用來(lái)生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)中有微小改變的小批量零件。 Flexible manufacturing, with its ground capabilities, offers a number of advantages for manufacturers: 柔性制造技術(shù)用它的 優(yōu)勢(shì)能力 為制造商提供許多的利益： (1)Flexibility within a family of parts (1)在一系列零件中的適應(yīng)性 (2)Random feeding of parts (2)隨意更換零件 (3)Simultaneous production of different parts (3)同時(shí) 生產(chǎn)不同的零件 (4)Decreased setup time and lead time (4)減少生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間和 生產(chǎn)周期 (5)More efficient machine usage (5)機(jī)床的高效使用 (6)Decreased direct and indirect labor costs (6)減少了直接和間接的勞動(dòng)費(fèi)用 (7) Ability to handle different materials (7) 不同材料的處理能力 (8)Ability to continue some production if one machine breaks down (8)若一臺(tái)機(jī)器 出故障 繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)的能力 見課本 93頁(yè)翻譯 Flexible Manufacturing System Components 柔性制造系統(tǒng)的組成 FMS的組成 自動(dòng)倉(cāng)庫(kù) 工廠計(jì)算機(jī) 中央計(jì)算機(jī) 物流控制計(jì)算機(jī) 運(yùn)輸小車 加工單元 1 加工單元 2 加工單元 n 信 息 傳 輸 網(wǎng) 絡(luò) 工夾具站 An FMS has three major ponents: 一個(gè)柔性制造系統(tǒng)有三個(gè)主要的組成部分： (1)Machine tools (1)機(jī)床 (2)Control system (2)控制系統(tǒng) (3)Materials handling system (3)物料搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng) Machine Tools 機(jī)床 A flexible manufacturing system uses the same types of machine tools as any other manufacturing system, be it automated or manually operated. These include lathes, mills, drills, saws, and so on. The type of machine tools actually included in an FMS depends on the setting in which the machine will be used. 柔性制造系統(tǒng)同任何其他的制造系統(tǒng)一樣，使用相同類型的機(jī)床，是被自動(dòng)控制或用手操作的系統(tǒng)。 Control System 控制系統(tǒng) The control system for an FMS serves a number of different control functions for system: 一個(gè)柔性制造系統(tǒng)的控制系統(tǒng)為系統(tǒng) 提供 不同的控制功能： (1)Storage and distribution of parts programs (1)部件加工程序的存儲(chǔ)和分配 (2)Work flow control and monitoring (2)工作流程的控制和監(jiān)測(cè) (3)Production control (3)生產(chǎn)控制 (4)System/tool control/monitoring (4)系統(tǒng) / 刀具控制 / 監(jiān)測(cè) The control area with the puter running the FMS control system is the center from which all activities in the FMS are controlled and monitored. 計(jì)算機(jī)不斷地運(yùn)行柔性制造系統(tǒng)控制系統(tǒng)作業(yè)的控制區(qū)是所有被控制和監(jiān)測(cè)的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的中心。大多數(shù)的柔性制造系統(tǒng)的控制系統(tǒng)集自動(dòng)和手動(dòng)的控制于一體；系統(tǒng)生成的原始調(diào)度計(jì)劃可以被操作員手動(dòng)改變。 Tool management can be rather prehensive since the number of tools normally exceeds the number of parts in the system , and furthermore, the module must control the preparation and flow of tools. 刀具管理模塊是相當(dāng)全面的，因?yàn)榈毒叩臄?shù)量一般超過(guò)系統(tǒng)中零件的數(shù)量，而且，模塊必須控制刀具的準(zhǔn)備和運(yùn)動(dòng)作業(yè)。 Therefore, the only advisable approach for implementing a FMS is to purchase a turnkey system from one of the main machine tool manufacturers. 因此，實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性制造系統(tǒng)的唯一 適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞?就是要從眾多機(jī)床制造商中選擇一個(gè)，并購(gòu)買他的一個(gè)成套系統(tǒng)。 Finally, the materials handling system for an FMS must be able to withstand the rigors of a shop environment. Some FMSes are configured with automated guided vehicles (AGVs) as a principal means of materials handling. 最后，柔性制造系統(tǒng)的物料搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)必須能承受一個(gè)嚴(yán)酷的 車間 的環(huán)境。 The two most important are formulated by NBS now called NIST in the US and and by ISO, which proposed an international standards for the definition of control levels in advanced manufacturing systems. 最重要的兩個(gè)是由美國(guó)的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)局（現(xiàn)叫作國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)研究所）和國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織制定，為先進(jìn)制造系統(tǒng)中控制等級(jí)擬建一個(gè)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 (4)單元控制負(fù)責(zé)在制造單元內(nèi)通過(guò)工作平臺(tái)直接作業(yè)。 ③加班趕工 通過(guò)加班趕工來(lái)彌補(bǔ)因各種原因造成損失的時(shí)間，以保證生產(chǎn)作業(yè)計(jì)劃如期完成。 ④搞好生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)管理，維持正常的生產(chǎn)秩序，使物流合理化。 ①注意關(guān)鍵零件與關(guān)鍵工序的進(jìn)度的檢查與監(jiān)督。 ①備用足夠庫(kù)存量 這種措施簡(jiǎn)單、有效。 It is relevant to discuss the definition of manufacturing control levels because these include some of the terms often used in the literature and in descriptions of mercial products for factory automation. The typical tasks and responsibilities at the different levels are as follows： 討論是有關(guān)于生產(chǎn)控制等級(jí)的定義，由于其中包括一些常用的術(shù)語(yǔ)經(jīng)常用在文學(xué)和描述工廠自動(dòng)化的商業(yè)產(chǎn)品中。 In the day shift raw parts are fixed on pallets loaded into the system and stored in the AS/RS waiting for available capacity on the machines required. 在白班，未加工零件被固定在載貨托上并載入系統(tǒng)，然后儲(chǔ)存在自動(dòng)化倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)等待在機(jī)床上有效利用。 The system must be capable of accepting workpieces mounted on pallets and moving them from workstation to workstation as needed. It must also be able to place workpieces on hold as they wait to be processed at a given workstation. 該系統(tǒng)具有接收并裝載工件，讓其從一個(gè)工位運(yùn)送到另一個(gè)工位以滿足生產(chǎn)