【正文】 ②搞好生產(chǎn)過程材料、設(shè)備、外購、外協(xié)等物資供應(yīng)，確保準(zhǔn)時供應(yīng)。 ②設(shè)法降低設(shè)備故障率，通過建立一套嚴(yán)格的設(shè)備檢修保養(yǎng)制度，做好設(shè)備維護(hù)保養(yǎng)工作。 (2)設(shè)施控制負(fù)責(zé)實(shí)施企業(yè)決策。 The fully unmanned operation of FMS is very rare, in most cases one or more operators will always be present, not so much to intervene in critical situations (this is normally done automatically by the puter control system) but to correct minor faults and keep the system running with highest possible utilization. 完全無人操作的柔性制造系統(tǒng)是非常罕見的，但在大多數(shù)情況下，會出現(xiàn)一個或更多操作者，不是多次的在關(guān)鍵時刻急停（這通常是由計(jì)算機(jī)自動完成控制系統(tǒng)），而是更正小的故障并保持系統(tǒng)盡可能高效地運(yùn)行。 The materials handling system must be able to unload a workpiece at one station and load another for transport to the next station. It must acmodate puter control and be pletely patible in that regard with other ponents in the flexible manufacturing system. 物料搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)必須能將工件從一個工位中卸下來，轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到下一個工位并完成安裝。 Furthermore, the physical integration of multivendor equipment is difficult。 A storage control module keeps an account of which parts are stored in the AS/RS as well as their exact location. 一個存儲控制模塊記錄哪些零件存儲在 自動化倉儲系統(tǒng) 以及它們的確切位置。Most FMS control systems bine automatic and manual scheduling 。 In a jobshop setting, or any other setting in which the actual application is not known ahead of time or must necessarily include a wide range of possibilities , machines capable of performing at least the standard manufacturing operations would be include. Such systems are known as general purpose systems. 在一個加工車間環(huán)境中（或?qū)嶋H的應(yīng)用環(huán)境中），不能提前知道或必然包含廣泛發(fā)展?jié)摿Γ苤辽龠\(yùn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制造操作的機(jī)床都在內(nèi)。關(guān)于柔性制造技術(shù)的取中能力上，這一點(diǎn)是特別重要的。 This is a critical weakness because it means that transfer lines cannot produce different parts, even parts from within the same family, without costly and timeconsuming shutdown and reconfiguration. 這是它最為關(guān)鍵的缺點(diǎn)。 Rationale for Flexible Manufacturing 柔性制造的 基本原理 In manufacturing there have always been tradeoffs between production rates and flexibility. 在制造業(yè)中，總要在生產(chǎn)率與柔性之間相互 權(quán)衡 。 其中數(shù)控在 20世紀(jì) 5070年代發(fā)展迅速并已成熟， 7080年代計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控加工取代了數(shù)控加工。 ★ 1990年即達(dá)到 1500多套。 Flexible manufacturing remained an academic concept through the remainder of the 1960s and 1970s. 貫穿余下的十九世紀(jì)六十年代及十九世紀(jì)七十年代，柔性制造技術(shù)一直停留在學(xué)術(shù)概念階段。而整個系統(tǒng)是被 DNC控制的。 Once raw material has been loaded onto the automated materials handling system, it is moved through the system in the prescribed manner. 一旦原料被加載到 自動化物料搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)中 ,它就被系統(tǒng)以規(guī)定的運(yùn)動方式移動。 思想（ concept復(fù)數(shù)形式） The amount of human labor is much less than with a manually operated manufacturing system, of course. 人類的勞動量當(dāng)然要比用手工操作的制造系統(tǒng)少。 Because of its tool handling capability and puter control, such a system can be continually reconfigured to manufacture a wide variety of parts. This is why it is called a flexible manufacturing system. 因?yàn)橛泄ぞ咛幚砟芰捅挥?jì)算機(jī)控制，這個系統(tǒng)可以被不斷地調(diào)整，制造廣泛和多樣的零件。Flexible Manufacturing 第六章 柔性制造 Outline— 概述 As an introduction to the subsequent discussions of production systems and advanced manufacturing technologies it is useful to present a definition of the term manufacturing system. 關(guān)于對繼生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)和先進(jìn)的制造技術(shù)討論后的闡述，介紹 制造系統(tǒng) 術(shù)語的定義是十分有用的。這是它為什么被叫做柔性制造業(yè)系統(tǒng)的原因。 However, humans still play a vital role in the operation of an FMS. Human tasks include the following: 然而，人類仍然在 FMS的操作中扮演著重要的角色。 However, the original loading onto the materials handling system is still usually done by human operators, as is the unloading of finished products. 然而，最初的把原料加載到物料搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)中仍然常被人類操作工完成，卸載成品件也是如此。 The automated materials handling system is puter controlled, as are other functions including data collection, system monitoring, tool control, and traffic control. 如同包括數(shù)據(jù)收集、系統(tǒng)監(jiān)視、工具控制和信息交換控制等其他功能一樣，自動化的材料處理系統(tǒng)也是由計(jì)算機(jī)控制的。 However, with the emergence of sophisticated puter control technology in the late 1970s and early 1980s, flexible manufacturing became a viable concept. 然而，隨著十九世紀(jì)七十年代后期和八十年代早期， 精密 計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，柔性制造技術(shù)成為一個可行的概念。 ★目前約有 3000套左右正在運(yùn)行。 特點(diǎn)：柔性好；適用于多品種中小批量生產(chǎn) 新技術(shù)：數(shù)控技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)編程技術(shù)等 第三階段（ 1965年－）：柔性制造，包括計(jì)算機(jī)直接控制（ DNC）、 FMS和FMC。 At one end of the spectrum are transfer lines capable of high production rates, but low flexibility. At the other end of the spectrum are independent CNC machines that offer maximum flexibility, but are capable only of low production rates. Flexible manufacturing falls in the middle of continuum. 一方面， 流水線 能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)高的生產(chǎn)率，但是柔性低。因?yàn)檫@意味著流水線，在沒有昂貴的、耗時的停工及重置系統(tǒng)的情況下，不能生產(chǎn)不同的零件，即便是 同一系列 的零件。 Flexible manufacturing fills this longstanding void in manufacturing. 柔性制造填補(bǔ)了制造業(yè)中這一長期存在的空白。這樣的系統(tǒng)就是 通用 系統(tǒng)。 the system generates an initial schedule that can be changed manually by the operator. 可以自動完成調(diào)度或由操作員協(xié)助完成調(diào)度。 The tool management module keeps an account of all