【正文】 1 to 10 ? Target: Average Rating at 8 ? Desired: No Individual Ratings (“defects”) Below 7 Y = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Target Defects Worst Best But.....Is this the Right System? Measure 6? Overview Step 3.....Validating the Measurement System for Y How Could We Approach This? ? Blindfolded Panel Rates Several Loaf Samples ? Put “Repeat” Pieces from Same Loaf in Different Samples ? Consistent Ratings* on Pieces from Same Loaf = “Repeatability” ? Consistent Ratings* on Samples Across the Panel = “Reproducibility” “ Repeatability” “Reproducibility” Suggest Valid Measurement Approach Panel Member Loaf 1 Loaf 2 Loaf 3 A 5 8 9 B 4 9 1 C 4 9 2 D 8 9 8 E 4 8 2 F 5 9 1 G 8 9 2 * Within 177。 Taking GE From a 3? to a 6? Company Will Save ~ $ Billion per Year! Why “Six Sigma”? ? Proven Successful in “QualityDemanding” Industries ., Motorola, Texas Instruments (many process steps in series) ? Proven Method to Reduce Costs ? Highly Quantitative Method – Science and Logic Instead of Gut Feel ? Includes Manufacturing Service (close to customer) and Provides Bridge to Design for Quality Concepts ? Has Support and Commitment of Top Management It Works!!! 6? Overview Sigma 3??4??5??6??Spelling Money Time Misspelled Words per Page in a Book 1 Misspelled Word per 30 Pages in a Book 1 Misspelled Word in a set of Encyclopedias 1 Misspelled Word in all of the Books in a Small Library $ Million Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets $570 Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets $63,000 Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets $2 Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets 3 1/2 Months per Century 2 1/2 Days per Century 30 Minutes per Century 6 Seconds per Century 6? is Several Orders of Magnitude Better Than 3?!!! Sigma: A Measure of Quality 6? Overview Where Does “Six Sigma” Come From? ? Mikel J. Harry one of the Original Architects ? Previously Headed Quality Function at ABB and Motorola ? Now President/CEO of Six Sigma Academy in Phoenix, Arizona ? Has Consulted for Texas Instruments, Allied Signal (and others) ? Currently Retained by GE to Teach the Implementation, Deployment and Application of Six Sigma Concepts Tools Learning from Those Who Have had Success With 6??Will Accelerate its Implementation at GE 6? Overview So...What is Six Sigma? ? A Measurement System ? A ProblemSolving Approach ? A Disciplined Change Process “ THE SIX SIGMA BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY” Measure Analyze Improve Control 6? Overview How Do We Arrive at Sigma? Measuring Eliminating Defects is the “Core” of Six Sigma Measurement System Identify the CTQs Look for Defects in Products or Services ? “ Critical to Quality” Characteristics or the Customer Requirements for a Product or Service ? Count Defects or failures to meet CTQ requirements in all process steps Define Defect Opportunities ? Any step in the process where a Defect could occur in a CTQ Arrive at DPMO ? Use the SIGMA TABLE Convert DPMO to Sigma ? Defects Per Million Opportunities 2 3 4 5 6 308,537 66,807 6,210 233 PPM ?? Defects per Million of Opportunity Sigma Level 6? Overview Measurement System 2 3 4 5 6 308,537 66,807 6,210 233 PPM SIGMA LEVEL DEFECTS per MILLION OPPORTUNITY ?? IRS Tax Advice Best Companies Airline Safety Average Company GE Airline Baggage Doctor?s Prescription Restaurant Bills { { { { Average Company in 3? to 4??Range Some Sigma “Benchmarks” 6? Overview Measurement System A Graphic/Quantitative Perspective on Variation Average Value Many Data Sets Have a Normal or Bell Shape Number of People Arriving at CRD Time 7:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15 6? Overview Problem Solving Approach Center Process Reduce Spread X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X OffTarget Unpredictable OnTarget 6??Helps us Identify and Reduce VARIATION due to: Insufficient Process Capability Unstable Parts Materials Inadequate Design Margin Target USL LSL Target USL LSL Target USL LSL Center Process Reduce Spread OffTarget Unpredictable OnTarget Defects 6? Overview Problem Solving Approach “ Lower Specification Limit” “ Upper Specification Limit” Less Variation Means Fewer Defects Higher Process Yields 6? Overview Problem Solving Approach Key Components of “BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY” Measure Analyze Improve Control ? Identify CTQ CTP (Critical to Process) Variables ? Do Process Mapping ? Develop and Validate Measurement Systems ? Benchmark and Baseline Processes ? Calculate Yield and Sigma ? Target Opportunities and Establish