【正文】 e distribution and abundance of anisms (影響生物的分佈與豐度 ). Figure . Distribution and abundance of the red kangaroo in Australia, based on aerial survey. Kangaroos/km2 20 10–20 5–10 1–5 –1 Limits of distribution Climate in northern Australia is hot and wet, with seasonal drought. Red kangaroos occur in most semiarid and arid regions of the interior, where precipitation is relatively low and variable from year to year. Southeastern Australia has a wet, cool climate. Southern Australia has cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. Tasmania Copyright 169。Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (演化生物學(xué) ) ? Events that occur in ecological time – Affect life on the scale of evolutionary time. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The biosphere (生物圈 ) Is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the pla’s ecosystems.(全球生態(tài)系是地球所有生態(tài)系的總和 ) The Earth is the Biosphere 1. (地球是生物圈一號 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Most ecologists follow the precautionary principle regarding environmental issues. ? The precautionary principle (預(yù)警原理 /準(zhǔn)則 ) – Basically states that humans need to be concerned with how their actions affect the environment. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Behavior and Habitat Selection ? Some anisms – Do not occupy all of their potential range ? Species distribution – May be limited by habitat selection behavior Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Wind ? Wind – Amplifies the effects of temperature on anisms by increasing heat loss due to evaporation (蒸發(fā)作用 ) and convection (對流 ) – Can change the morphology of plants Figure Copyright 169。 winter begins in Southern Hemisphere. March equinox: Equator faces sun directly。 Copyright 169。C) lies just below the surface ice。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Aquatic biomes (水域生物相 ) – Account for the largest part of the biosphere in terms of area – Can contain fresh or salt water (淡水或鹹水 ) ? Oceans – Cover about 75% of Earth’s surface – Have an enormous impact on the biosphere Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Coral reefs (珊瑚礁 ) Figure . A coral reef in the Red Sea Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Tropical forest (熱帶森林 ) Figure . A tropical rain forest in Borneo Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 報告完畢 敬請指教 ?。? ?。? ??？ ??？ ??？ ??？ Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Temperate grassland (溫帶草原 ) Figure . Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Climate and Terrestrial Biomes (氣候與陸域生物相 ) ? Climate has a great impact on the distribution of anisms, as seen on a climograph (氣候圖 ) Figure . A climograph for some major types of biomes in North America. Desert Temperate grassland Tropical forest Temperate broadleaf forest Coniferous forest Arctic and alpine tundra Annual mean precipitation (cm) Annual mean temperature (186。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Streams and rivers (溪流與河川 ) Figure A headwater stream in the Great Smoky Mountains The Mississippi River far form its headwaters Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings LongTerm Climate Change (長期氣候變遷 ) ? One way to predict future global climate change. – Is to look back at the changes that occurred previously Figure . Current range and predicted range for the American beech under two scenarios of climate change. Current range Predicted range Overlap (a) ?C warming over next century (b) ?C warming over next century Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Mountains have a significant effect on – The amount of sunlight reaching an area – Local temperature – Rainfall Mountains 2. Farther inland, precipitation increases again as the air moves up and over higher mountains. Some of the world’s deepest snow packs occur here. Figure . How mountains affect rainfall. 3. On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, there is little precipitation. As a result of this rain shadow, much of central Nevada is desert. 1. As moist air moves in off the Pacific Ocean and encounters the westernmost mountains, it flows upward, cools at higher altitudes, and drops a large amount of water. The world’s tallest trees, the coastal redwoods, thrive here. East Pacific Ocean Wind direction Coast Range Sierra Nevada 風(fēng)向 海岸山脈 Copyright 169。 all regions on Earth experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. December solstice: Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Global Climate Patterns ? Earth’s global climate patterns – Are determined largely by the input of solar energy and the pla’s movement in space Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abiotic Factors (非生物因子 ) ? Abiotic factors that affect the distribution of anisms may include – Temperature (溫度 ) – Water (水 ) – S