【正文】 arts a new type of realism amp。 limited social life determine that they must depend on men for sustenance amp。 Gothic elements) Gothic Novel The word “ Gothic” originally implied medieval, but in the later 18th century, when the Gothic novel became influential, the word added the implication of mystery, horror and supernatural. Gothic novel is a type of prose fiction which flourished in 1790s and early years in the 19th century. It once refers to the novel which produces stories set in lonely frightening Gothic places. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers. On Gothic Novel There is a strong Gothic strain in many mainstream 19th century works, including the works of the Brontes, Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, and Hawthorne. In the 20th century, the genre flourished notably in popular horror fiction and films. Jane eyre Significance: 1. one of the most popular amp。 genuine. Alfred Tennyson (1809－ 1892) I. life 1809: Born at Somersby rectory, 4th son of the rector. 1827: Poems by Two Brothers. Enters Trinity College, Cambridge. 1829: Friendship with Arthur Hallam. love with Emily Tennyson. 1831: Father dies. 1832: brother Edward goes insane. 1833: Hallam dies. 1834: love with Rosa Baring 1838: Engaged to Emily Sellwood. 1840: Engagement broken off. 1844: Has an emotional breakdown. 1850: In Memoriam published anonymously. Marries Emily Sellwood. Appointed Poet Laureate. 1852: Son Hallam born. 1862: Has first audience with Queen Victoria. II. Works: 1. Poems by Two Brothers 2. Poems, Chiefly Lyrical 3. Poems (two volumes) 4. The Princess 5. Maud 6. The Idylls of the King 7. In Memoriam III. Break, break, break(p294) IV. Features: 1. T’ s thoughts on the problems of life, death and immortality 2. the conflict between the spirit and the flesh 3. classical materials Robert Browning amp。 tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse. V. the Dramatic Monologue 戲劇獨白 The dramatic monologue is a soliloquy in drama in which the voice speaking is not the poet himself, but a character invented by the poet, so that it reflects life objectively. Thomas Hardy(18401928) I. Life (novelist and poet) a. Born in Dorchester — “ Wessex” b. close to peasantry c. belief in evolution II. Works: 1. Tess of the D’ Urbervilles《德伯家的苔絲》 2. Jude the Obscure《無名的裘德》 3. The Return of the Native《還鄉(xiāng)》 4. Far from the Madding Crowd《遠離塵囂》 5. The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特橋市長》 III. Tess of the D’ Urbervilles 1. subtitle “ a pure woman” 2. Plot (p315319) 3. Pessimistic philosophy。 selfsuicide III. Works 1. Mrs. Dalloway 達洛維夫人 2. To the Lighthouse 到燈塔去 3. The Waves 海浪 4. A Room of One’ s Own 一間自己的房間 5. Modern Fiction 現(xiàn)代小說 IV. Mrs. Dalloway (p441445) V. point of view 1. She challenged the traditional way of writing. 2. She thought the depiction of details darkened the characters. 3. She called the writers for writing about events of daily life that gave one deep impression. V. Influence (1) The stream of consciousness presented by Joyce and Woolf marks a total break from the tradition of fiction and has promoted the development of modernism. (2) However, because of the newness in form but hard to understand, this kind of fiction cannot attract readers. (3) The writers showed interest in the psychological depiction of the bourgeoisie but neglected the conflict that most people cared about at that time. James joyce I. Title: the representative of the “ stream of consciousness” school of novel II. “ stream of consciousness” 1. definition: a psychological term indicating “ the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’ s will” 2. time: in the 20th century 3. foundations: a. the literary device of “ interior monologue” 內(nèi)心獨白 b. Freud’ s theory of psychological analysis III. J’ s works a. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 青年藝術(shù)家的畫像 b. Dubliners 都柏林人 c. Ulysses 尤利西斯 d. Finnegans Wake 芬尼根覺醒 IV. significance of his works a. He changed the old style of fictions and created a strange mode of art to show the chaos and crisis of consciousness of that period. b. From him, stream of consciousness came to the highest point as a genre of modern literature. c. In Finnegans Wake, this pursue of newness overrode the normalness and showed a tendency of vanity. William Butler Yeats(18651939) I. title “ the greatest poet of our age – certainly the greatest in this (English) language” T. S. Eliot II. Life Poet and dramatist Irish Lifelong love for Maud Gonne III. Works 1. The Responsibilities 責(zé)任 2. The Land of Heart’ s Desire 理想的國土 3. When You Are Old 4. The Winding Stair 盤旋的樓梯 5. The Hour Glass 時漏 6. The Tower 塔 IV. Feature He is a celebrated and acplished symbolist poet, using an elaborate system of symbols in his poems. But read as a whole, his poetry is elucidated by itself and gives the reader many memorable stanzas and lines of great poetry. (moon, water, rose) V. Themes 1. Patriotism。 criticize the evil of capitalism。 5. the relation between imagination, history and the occult VI. When you are old When you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read , and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep。 IV. H’ s Ideas of Fate Most of Hardy’ s novels are tragic. The cause is not man’ s own behavior or his own fault but the supernatural forces that rule his fate. According to Hardy, man is not the master of hi