【正文】
殊的、復(fù)雜的表現(xiàn)形式,人類社會(huì)的一切經(jīng)濟(jì)的、政治的與文化的運(yùn)動(dòng)是一般物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)特殊的、復(fù)雜 的表現(xiàn)形式,因此用以衡量人類一切社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)模的統(tǒng)一客觀尺度也必然是能量。只有拋開(kāi)勞動(dòng)的具體特點(diǎn),抽去可以感覺(jué)到的商品屬性,化為抽象的無(wú)差別的人類勞動(dòng),作為價(jià)值,才能相比。生產(chǎn)同一種商品,由于商品生產(chǎn)者的生產(chǎn)條件、勞動(dòng)熟練程度和強(qiáng)度不同,耗費(fèi)的個(gè)別勞動(dòng)時(shí)間不同,從而商品的個(gè)別價(jià)值不同。由于商品供求關(guān)系經(jīng)常變化,價(jià)格時(shí)而高于價(jià)值,時(shí)而低于價(jià)值。 人的價(jià)值 來(lái)源:《價(jià)值學(xué)大詞典》 資料時(shí)間: 1995 年 04 月第 1 版 詳細(xì)內(nèi)容: ( human value)指作為客體的人對(duì)作為主體的人的需要的滿足。一般的物在價(jià)值關(guān)系中只能作為客體,不能作為主體。一個(gè)人的自我價(jià)值取決于他的行為滿足自己需要的程度。人的生命價(jià)值還在于它是人類活動(dòng)和人類歷史第一個(gè)前提,是人類得以繁衍和延續(xù)的載體。人只有在勞動(dòng)中才能創(chuàng)造價(jià)值和獲得價(jià)值,才能對(duì)社會(huì)做出貢獻(xiàn)和得到社會(huì)尊重。熱愛(ài)勞動(dòng)還是鄙視勞動(dòng),誠(chéng)實(shí)勞動(dòng)還是消極怠工,這是衡量人的價(jià)值的不可缺少的指標(biāo)。原始社會(huì)的人雖然沒(méi)有明確的價(jià)值觀念,但他們以質(zhì)樸的形式把人的價(jià)值和勞動(dòng)聯(lián)系在一起。資本主義社會(huì)把人與人的關(guān)系變成了赤裸裸的金錢關(guān)系,金錢和財(cái)產(chǎn)成了人的價(jià)值的尺度。但在日常意識(shí)中,人的價(jià)值主要是指?jìng)€(gè)人的價(jià)值。 the strong man who helps the weak has the fear of the gods. This was religion transcending all the regional cults, and it came into play when strangers abroad were at the mercy of the local inhabitants. Odysseus in a foreign land wanted to know if the people there feared the gods or were lawless so that no stranger was safe (Odyssey 9:176). Abraham, too, was concerned in Philistia lest the inhabitants might kill him because there was no “fear of God(s)” (Genesis 20:11). Men of all nations and all cults knew that only among godfearing men was there decency or safety. There was another mon trend in international religion. No matter how polytheistic a cult may have been, it left a place for the god shared by all peoples. Theos, “God” (not merely “a god”), is in Homer。 this is a statistical concept that is derived by the analysis of mortality data for populations of each species. A related term is the expectation of life, a hypothetical number puted for humans from mortality tables drawn up by insurance panies. Life expectancy represents the average number of years that a group of persons, all born at the same time, might be expected to live, and it is based on the changing death rate over many past years. The concept of life span implies that there is an individual whose existence has a definite beginning and end. What constitutes the individual in most cases presents no problem: among anisms that reproduce sexually the individual is a certain amount of living substance capable of maintaining itself alive and endowed with hereditary features that are in some measure unique. In some anisms, however, extensive and apparently indefinite growth takes place and reproduction may occur by division of a single parent anism, as in many protists, including bacteria, algae, and protozoans. If these divisions are inplete, a colony results。社會(huì)主義物質(zhì)文明建設(shè)的目的,在于生產(chǎn)更豐富的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品, 以滿足人民物質(zhì)文化生活的需要。而奴隸只是 “會(huì)說(shuō)話的工具 ”,毫無(wú)價(jià)值可言。人有什么樣的能力就有什么樣的勞動(dòng),也就有什么樣的貢獻(xiàn),同時(shí)就表現(xiàn)出 人有什么樣的價(jià)值。人的價(jià)值最直接的表現(xiàn)就是 人向社會(huì)貢獻(xiàn)的勞動(dòng)產(chǎn)品。第二,人的勞動(dòng) 的價(jià)值。指生命對(duì)于人的活動(dòng)的功用和需要的滿足。人作為價(jià)值客體一方面與外在于它的主體(他人、群體、社會(huì))形成價(jià)值關(guān)系,另一方面又對(duì)自身構(gòu)成價(jià)值關(guān)系。無(wú)論是自我需要的滿足,還是社會(huì)需要的滿足,都依賴于人的創(chuàng)造性的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。在私有制社會(huì),商品生產(chǎn)在盲目競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和無(wú)政府狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行,價(jià)值規(guī)律作為一種自發(fā)的力量,刺激商品生產(chǎn)者改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,通過(guò)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的漲跌調(diào)節(jié)商品生產(chǎn)和流通,同時(shí)促進(jìn)小商品生產(chǎn)者向兩極分化。社會(huì)必要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)時(shí)間決定商品的價(jià)值,還表現(xiàn)在要求把社會(huì)總勞動(dòng)時(shí)間按必要的比例量使用在不同類商品 的生產(chǎn)上。未經(jīng)勞動(dòng)加工的東西和用以滿足自己需要的、不當(dāng)做商品出售的產(chǎn)品不具有價(jià)值。 價(jià)值和價(jià)值規(guī)律 來(lái)源:《黨的群眾工作大辭典》 資料時(shí)間 : 1993 年 10 月第 1 版 詳細(xì)內(nèi)容: 價(jià)值是凝結(jié)在商品中的抽象的社會(huì)平均勞動(dòng)。例如,兩個(gè)作機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體可以用速度、加速度、 動(dòng)量等物理量來(lái)描述和比較;兩股作定向運(yùn)動(dòng)的電流可以用電流強(qiáng)度、電壓、功率等物理量來(lái)描述和比較。 由于有序化能量的計(jì)算是以 “標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有序化能量 ”為基本尺度, 同一事物的價(jià)值會(huì)因選取