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【正文】 customization – The value of strategic partnerships and supplier integration 大量定制化的例子 ? 松下自行車 ? 創(chuàng)新業(yè)務流程前 – 銷售不好 – 庫存積壓多（ 20%的產(chǎn)品是去年的） ? 創(chuàng)新后 – 在零售商處安裝特殊設備，讓顧客定身制定產(chǎn)品 – 將生產(chǎn)流程模塊化，組成一個柔性生產(chǎn)線 – 3分鐘內(nèi)定單裝變?yōu)榫唧w的設計 – 2周內(nèi)產(chǎn)品制成，交付于顧客 – 基本上無成品庫存 小結 ? 常用的方法有 –包裝和運輸?shù)慕?jīng)濟性 –并行和平行工藝 –延遲產(chǎn)品差異化 –產(chǎn)品開發(fā)時的供應商參與 –大規(guī)模定制化的產(chǎn)品 。 many products are made by varying the mix of a small number of ingredients ? Part Standardization（部件標準化） – Common parts（通用部件） are used across many processes – Product redesign might be necessary ? Process Standardization（流程標準化） – Standardizing as much of the process as possible, making a generic or family product – Delaying differentiation –Called “Delayed differentiation”, “Postponement” Postponement: Key Concepts ? Delay differentiation of products in the same family as late as possible ? Enables the use of aggregate forecasts ? Enables the delay of detailed forecasts ? Reduces scrapped or obsolete inventory, increases customer service ? May require new processes or product design with associated costs Postponement Considerations ? Tradeoff increased product cost with decreased inventory ? Need to decide where to postpone the pushpull boundary ? Position in product lifecycle is factor in postponement strategies ? Inventory value may increase ? Consider tariffs and duties HP DeskJet Case: Background ? High volume, high speed manufacturing in Vancouver ? Many different models, all pleted in Vancouver ? Three distribution centers – North American – Asian – European ? Manufacturing time one week ? Transportation lead times: – Europe: 45 weeks – US : 1 day ? At distribution centers, simple standardized process HP DeskJet Case: Analysis ? Problems – High inventory levels – Inventory imbalance in Europe ? Causes – Uncertainty about correct inventory levels – Many geographic options (localization) – Long lead times – Uncertain market – Difficulty at getting divisions to work together ?
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