【正文】 ISDSS管 理 層MIS：管理信息系統(tǒng)DSS：決策支持系統(tǒng) 管理信息系統(tǒng)層面圖如圖所示，各個(gè)管理層和所有功能區(qū)都要用到（建立交易處理系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)上的）報(bào)告系統(tǒng)和決策支持系統(tǒng)。交易處理系統(tǒng)的信息輸出包括儲(chǔ)存的交易描述、企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)主要目的所需的文件（發(fā)票、生產(chǎn)通知單、郵寄單、支付薪金的支票、工作通知單等等）以及（用于核實(shí)或提供參考用的）一段時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行的交易清單。請(qǐng)注意：在此圖中，管理信息系統(tǒng)通過(guò)技術(shù)處理（收集、編碼、存儲(chǔ)、處理、解碼和報(bào)告）將企業(yè)所獲數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化可用信息。 a speech at the local Lions Club would be an example.Decisional roles refer to management’s decisionmaking process. The four managerial roles in this category are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator . A manager assumes an entrepreneurial role when he or she initiates projects to improve the department or work unit . When problems such as a missed delivery to a key customer arise , the manager must adopt a disturbance handling role . 4) The decision on how to allocate the unit’s money , time, materials, and other resources is referred to as the manager’s resource allocator role. Finally , the negotiator role refers to situations where the manager must represent the unit’s interests with others , such as suppliers , customers, and government .The Skill Needed for Effective Management：What skills do managers need to possess? 5) Noted management authority Rober has suggested three specific skills that are required in all typed of managerial situations .Katz’s managerial skills relate to technical . interpersonal, and cobceptual factors in the manager’s job.Technical skills refer to the ability to use various tools and methods to acplish specific managerial aspects of a work task. A good illustration of the importance of technical skill is the factory supervisor who must be familiar with how machinery works in order to correct problems that may arise on the plant floor.Interpersonal skills refer to the ability to lead , motivate , and municate with people to acplish certain objectives. Interpersonal skills are also important during interactions with supervisors and people outside the work unit such as vendors , customers,and the public. These skills are important at all levels in the organization. A current adaptation of this skill is the cultural awareness necessary to function in today’s workplace, with its ethnically diversified labor force.Copceptual skills refer to the ability understand and cording the full range of organizational objective and actives .This ability to analyze the entire organization is particularly important to top management. It is a necessary ingredient in the development of strategic plan for the organization.管理信息系統(tǒng)我們對(duì)管理信息系統(tǒng)提出以下定義，即一種為企業(yè)決策提供信息的集成用戶/計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。 supervisors’ pay grades are usually set so that their median salaries are 10% to 25% above those of the highestpaid workers supervised. And many employers even pay supervisors for scheduled overtime, although the Fair Labor Standards Act does not require them to do so.It is at the topmanagement levels that questions regarding pay abound . The traditional wisdom is that a top manager’s salary is closely tied to the size of the firm . Yet two experts who tested this idea for the 148 highestpaid executives in the United States concluded that the level of executive responsibility (as measured by total assets, total sales,total number of shares in the pany, total value of the shares, and total corporate profits) is not an important variable in determing executive pensation . Instead , say these experts , an executive’s pay is mostly determined by the industry in which he or she works, and the corporate power structure ,since executives who also serve on their firms’ boards of directors can heavily influence how they get paid.Yet there is conflicting evidence. In one study , for instance , the researcher found that a statistical analysis of the total cash pensation of the chief executive officers of 129 panies showed that they were paid for both responsibility and performance. This researcher fond that four pensable factorspany size , profitability, number of employees, and experienceaccounted for 83% of the differences in pay .Therefore, it appears that there are rational, a