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Cl 24 1N H2SO4 25 4rd edition 4th edition 26 15 year experience 15 year experience 27 kDa , 18 500u 或 Mr18 500 28 25 (kg˙ d)or 25 g/kg per day 29 6900 6 900 30 1000 rpm 1 000 r/min 31 sec s 單位符號(hào),用于 阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字 后 . 32 1 pg176。 也可采用分子質(zhì)量, 即30 ku。《英語(yǔ)科技論文撰寫(xiě)與投稿》由 科學(xué)出版社出版 ,任 勝利編著。s effect, we examined whether Bcl2 interacted with other proteins. [Cell 1993; 74 (4): 609619]. Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex. [Nature 1993; 362 (6423): 849852]. This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12month prevalence of 14 DSMIIIR psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, … [ Archives of General Psychiatry 1994; 51 (1): 819]. We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of cmyc protein and to occur by apoptosis. [Cell 1992; 69 (1): 119128]. Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxidecyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system. [Neuroscience 1992; 46 (4): 755784]. 4 引言 基本要求 (1)盡量準(zhǔn)確、清楚且簡(jiǎn)潔地指出所探討問(wèn)題的本質(zhì)和范圍,對(duì)研究背景的闡述做到繁簡(jiǎn)適度 . (2)在介紹背景和提出問(wèn)題時(shí),應(yīng)引用 “最相關(guān) ”的文獻(xiàn)以指引讀者 . 要優(yōu)先選擇引用的文獻(xiàn)包括相關(guān)研究中的經(jīng)典、重要和最具說(shuō)服力的文獻(xiàn),力戒刻意回避引用最重要的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn) (甚至是對(duì)作者研究具某種 ”啟示 ”性意義的文獻(xiàn) ),或者不恰當(dāng)?shù)卮罅恳米髡弑救说奈墨I(xiàn) . (3)采取適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞綇?qiáng)調(diào)作者在本次研究中最重要的 發(fā)現(xiàn)或貢獻(xiàn),讓讀者順著邏輯的演進(jìn)閱讀論文 . (4)解釋或定義專門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ)或縮寫(xiě)詞,以幫助編輯、審稿人和讀者閱讀稿件 . (5)適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂?“I”, “We”或 “Our”,以明確地指示作者本人的工作,如 :最好使用 “We conducted this study to determine whether…” ,而不使用 “This study was conducted to determine whether…” . (6)敘述前人工作的欠缺以強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的創(chuàng)新時(shí),應(yīng)慎重且留有余地 . 可采用類似如下的表達(dá) :To the author’s knowledge… ; There is little information available in literature about… ; Until recently, there is some lack of knowledge about… 等等 . 寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)與時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用 (1)敘述有關(guān)現(xiàn)象或普遍事實(shí)時(shí),句子的主要?jiǎng)釉~多使用現(xiàn)在時(shí) . 如 :“l(fā)ittle is known about X”或 “l(fā)ittle literature is available on X”. (2)描述特 定研究領(lǐng)域中最近的某種趨勢(shì),或者強(qiáng)調(diào)某些 “最近 ”發(fā)生的事件對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響時(shí),常采用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) . 如 :“few studies have been done on X”或 “l(fā)ittle attention has been devoted to X”. (3)在闡述作者本人研究目的的句子中應(yīng)有類似 This paper, The experiment reported here等詞,以表示所涉及的內(nèi)容是作者的工作,而不是指其他學(xué)者過(guò)去的研究 . 例如 :“In summary, previous methods are all extremely inefficient. Hence a new approach is developed to process the data more efficiently.”就容易使讀者產(chǎn)生誤解,其中的第二句應(yīng)修改為 :“In this paper, a new approach will be developed to process the data more efficiently.” 或者 , “This paper will present a new approach that processes the data more efficiently.” 5 材料和方法 寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn) (1) 對(duì)材料的描述應(yīng)清楚、準(zhǔn)確 . 材料描述中應(yīng)該清楚地指出研究對(duì)象 (樣品或產(chǎn)品、動(dòng)物、植物、病人 )的數(shù)量、來(lái)源和準(zhǔn)備方法 . 對(duì)于實(shí)驗(yàn)材料的名稱,應(yīng)采用國(guó)際同行所熟悉的通用名,盡量避免使用只有作者所在國(guó)家的人所熟悉的專門(mén)名稱 . (2)對(duì)方法的描述要詳略得當(dāng)、重點(diǎn)突出 . 應(yīng)遵循的原則是給出足夠的細(xì)節(jié)信息以便讓同行能夠重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn),避免混入有關(guān)結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)方面的內(nèi)容 . 如果方法新穎、且不曾發(fā)表過(guò), 應(yīng)提供所有必需的細(xì)節(jié);如果所采用的方法已經(jīng)公開(kāi)報(bào)道過(guò),引用相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)即可 (如果報(bào)道該方法期刊的影響力很有限,可稍加詳細(xì)描述 ). (3) 力求語(yǔ)法正確、描述準(zhǔn)確 . 由于材料和方法部分通常需要描述很多的內(nèi)容,因此通常需要采用很簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言,故使用精確的英語(yǔ)描述材料和方法是十分重要的 . 需要注意的方面通常有 :(a)不要遺漏動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 . 如 :“To determine its respiratory quotient, the anism was…”顯然, the anism不能來(lái) determine?又 如 :“Having pleted the study, the bacteria were of no further interest.”顯然, the bacteria不會(huì)來(lái) pleted the study. (b)在簡(jiǎn)潔表達(dá)的同時(shí)要注意內(nèi)容方面的邏輯性 . 如 :“Blood samples were taken from 48 informed and consenting patients… the subjects ranged in age from 6 months to 22 years”,其中的語(yǔ)法沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤,但 6 months的嬰兒能表達(dá) informed consent? (c)如果有多種可供選擇的方法能采用,在引用文獻(xiàn)時(shí)提及一下具體的方法 . 如 :“cells were broken by as previously described[9]”不夠清楚,應(yīng)改為 :“cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously described[9]”. 時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)的運(yùn)用 (1)若描述的內(nèi)容為不受時(shí)間影響的事實(shí), 應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) . 如 :A twinlen reflex camera is actually a bination of two separate camera boxes. (2)若描述的內(nèi)容為特定的過(guò)去行為或事件,則采用過(guò)去式 . 如 :The work was carried out on the Imperial College gas atomizer, which was described in detail elsewhere[4, 5]. (3)方法章節(jié)的焦點(diǎn)在于描述實(shí)驗(yàn)中所進(jìn)行的每個(gè)步驟以及所采用的 材料 . 由于所涉及的行為與材料是討論的焦點(diǎn),而且讀者已知道實(shí)施