【正文】 ental damage, restoration, remediation and sustainable land use and management. In short, mine surveying in mining resources investigation, development and production process of industrial restructuring so play an important integral role, with the first, basic, guide and service features. 中英文資料 19 3 Mine Surveying the development of a modern mine Spatial Information Science (Engineering) Because of the space mapping technology, information technology and the rapid development and wide application, as well as minerals, land and other integrated natural resources, green development of the new requirements of mining, mine surveying disciplines of content and technology means major changes occurred in order to make the content and its form of discipline consistent, proposes to use the Mining Spatial Information Science (Engineering), the new name to replace the traditional discipline of Mine Surveying. The main reasons for seeking alternative names: (1) Mine Surveying Mapping on the level of discipline has been or is being access to new, more precise, more scientific name of the Geomatics (Geomatics) or Spatial Information Science and Engineering. Over the past decade, the University of Calgary in Canada, New Brunswick, Maine United States State University, Ohio State University, University of New South Wales, Australia, Katanning and Technology University and so has the original measurement project ( Surveying Engineering) Professional (Department) name changed to Geomatics (Engineering), Spatial Information Science and Engineering, Spatial Science or Surveying and Spatial Information Systems and so on. (2) according to the scientific development and sustainable development requirements, must be resolutely against predatory mining, logging and other destructive exploitation of natural, ecofriendly practices. The international mining sector has also emphasizing the measurement, mining, social and environmental impacts, mine surveying and spatial information technology in which the role. (3) Mine Surveying related subjects, such as mining engineering, geology, land science, 中英文資料 20 environmental science and engineering, resource economics of content changes have taken place in very human. Mining Spatial Information Science (Engineering) of the content and basic tasks Throughout the known history of the development of science and technology, the development of all disciplines are advancing with the times, all with the interaction between adjacent or related disciplines, and constantly cross, peration, integration, and metabolic results。 third is the development and influence of other disciplines, such as geology, rock mechanics, environmental science and land science, puter science, and economics. For a long time, mine surveying workers shoulder a mine on the ground and underground threedimensional measurement, positioning and mapping, orebody modeling and threedimensional visualization, management and exploitation of mineral reserves calculated supervision, observation and exploration of mining subsidence damage to defense mission. The past 20 years, actively involved in domestic and international mining and mining cities, the environment, ecological environment reconstruction (restoration) work. Mine ecological environment monitoring, analysis and evaluation, control, the Land Reclamation (LandReclamation), Environmental Restoration (Environmental Rehabilitation) or reconstruction, rehabilitation (Resmration), mining on the social and environmental impacts (The Impact of Mining in the Social and Environment) and its prevention and control of growing concern. Measured according to the International Association of Mining (ISM) of the Constitution and the international mining interests in China cause more developed countries, the situation of measurement, mine survey and the corresponding institutions of science and technology 中英文資料 18 functions and business areas can be summarized as follows: (1) the formulation and interpretation of relevant laws and regulations, mineral tenure issues, mine surveying education, training and history。 geographic information systems。同時，為保證安全生產，保護環(huán)境，還必須制定一些新的法規(guī) [6]。 加強礦產、土地資源監(jiān)管和環(huán)境修復給礦山測量提供了施展才能的更多空間 建設資源節(jié)約型、 環(huán)境友好型社會己為我們的國策。 (3)“數(shù)字礦山”建設應以需求牽引，結合國情和礦山實際。由于獲取礦山地面、地層及井下空間信息，資源與環(huán)境信息的特殊性、復雜性，除了利用通用的測量儀器設備之外，往往還需要利用一些特殊的礦用儀器裝備，例如：防爆型激光指向儀，陀螺經(jīng) 緯儀，防爆型光電測距儀和電子經(jīng)緯儀，光中英文資料 9 電井巷斷面儀，以及用于巖層或構筑物形變、位移量測量的應變儀、傾斜儀、伸長儀等。它是將掃描激光測距儀、慣性測量系統(tǒng) (IMU)、 GPS 和數(shù)碼成像儀相整合，集成安裝在小型飛機／直升飛機或車輛上，實現(xiàn)對地表的測距掃描成像和處理，地形測圖，快速生成 DTM。 中英文資料 8 由德國 WBK 公司研制的慣性井筒測量系統(tǒng) (ISSM)可用于井筒或罐道變形的監(jiān)測，其定位精度為 0． 01m／ 1000m，準直精度為 0． 01m／ 100m，方位角測量精度可達 10”～ 30”。于是，我國的學者提出了灰色地理信息系統(tǒng) GGIS(Gray GIS)的概念。 GIS 正在向地理信息科學或空間信息科學 (SIS)的 方向發(fā)展，并與計算機技術、通信技術相互借鑒、滲透和集成，將會成為一門獨特的空間信息科學技術。 未來幾年中， GPS 和 GLONASS 兩個衛(wèi)星導航定位系統(tǒng)的技術水平、精度和抗干擾能力將會大幅度提高。 (2)高新技術與傳統(tǒng)技術相結合。 (2)按照科學發(fā)展和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求，必須堅決禁止掠奪性采礦、毀滅 性砍伐等掠奪自然、破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境的做法。長期以來，礦山測量工作者擔負著礦山地上和地下三維空間的測量、定位與制圖，礦體三維建模與可視化，礦產儲量計算管理及開采監(jiān)督，開采沉陷觀測及開采損害防護等使命。在人才培養(yǎng)方面， 1953 年中國礦業(yè)大學 (原北京礦業(yè)學院 )成立了我國第一個礦山測量專業(yè)， 1956 年以后，中南大學 (原中南礦冶學院 )、遼寧工程技術大學 (原阜新礦業(yè)學院 )、山東科技大學 (原山東礦業(yè)學院 )、河南理工大學 (原焦作礦 業(yè)學院 )、西安科技大學 (原西安礦業(yè)學院 )、江西理工大學 (原南方冶金學院 )、東北大學 (原沈陽黃金學院 )等高校和中等專業(yè)學校陸續(xù)設置了礦山測量專業(yè)，至今為我國培養(yǎng)了兩萬多名專門人才。在印度的多所礦業(yè)學院 (位于 Dhanbad、Shahdol 等地 )、 Nagpur 大學及多所綜合技術大學 (polytechnics)中可分別培養(yǎng)具有大專、本科或碩士學歷的礦山測量人才 [1]。礦山測量作為一門獨立的學科是始于德國、前蘇聯(lián)和東歐等國的。文中最后給出了測繪學的現(xiàn)代概念，闡述了測繪學科正在向地球空間信息科學跨越和融合。在西歐、澳洲和印度等國家，礦山 測量科學技術及其人才培養(yǎng)也一直比較受重視?，F(xiàn)在，它已經(jīng)在礦山部門形成和采礦、地質、環(huán)保、計算機技術與應用 (礦山空間數(shù)據(jù)獲取和處理 )等學科相互獨立，彼此滲透、交融的態(tài)勢。此外，還有眾多勘測、設計機構，例如西安中國煤炭地質總局航測遙感局、中國國土資源航空物探遙感中心、有色金屬礦產地質調查中心、核工業(yè)航測遙感中心、中國石油勘探開發(fā)研究院等也都開展著礦產的勘察與開發(fā)研究和工程工作 [2]。 3 礦山測量的現(xiàn)代發(fā)展一礦山空間信息學 (工程 ) 由于空間信息技術與測繪科技的迅速發(fā)展和廣泛應用，以及礦產、土地等自然資源綜合、綠色開發(fā)開采的新要求，礦山測量學科的內涵和