【正文】 ere used, the largest prising 83 monostrands. All cables with a length of more than 80 m were equipped at their lower ends with internal hydraulic dampers. Corrosion protection for the monostrands involved galvanization of the wires through hot dipping, a tight highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) sheath extruded onto each strand, and a special type of petroleum wax that fills all of the voids between the wires. The stays are spaecd every 6 m and are arranged in a fan are designed to be stressed from the tower only and are anchored in line with a continuous stiffening beam at the centerline of the deck anchorage system is actually a posite steel frame that encapsulates two continous steel plates that anchor the stays and transfer the stay forces in a continuous and repetitive systemvia shear studsthrouthout the extent of the cablesupported deck (see figure above).A steel frame was designed to transfer the stays’ horizontal forces to the box girders through concreteembedded longitudinal steel plates and to transfer the boxes’ vertical forces directly through the internal steel innovative and elegant load transfer system made rapid construction of the concrete deck segmentsin cycles of three to five dayspossible. In addition to the geotechnical and seismic analyses,several structural analyses were performed to accurately capture the behavior of this plex bridge. For the serviceload analysis,which includes live,temperature,and wind loads,the engineers used SAP2020, a puter program created and maintained by Computers amp。 A roadway wide enough to carry six lanes of traffic, three in each direction。 A structure that could carry two diaer water lines。當(dāng)初設(shè)計(jì)這座橋時(shí) 4 個(gè)車(chē)道的日交通量為 60000 輛，但是那么多年來(lái)他一直在“過(guò)載”中運(yùn)行。 百年大橋的設(shè)計(jì)是史上無(wú)前例的，是氣勢(shì)宏偉的，是傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法與所謂的快進(jìn)度設(shè)計(jì)方法的結(jié)合。它是英國(guó)政府送給巴拿馬運(yùn)河當(dāng)局用來(lái)維修運(yùn)河大門(mén)及其設(shè)備的。因此 國(guó)際確定了橋梁規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的那些部分可用，那些不可用。因此工程師認(rèn)為西面踏柱、墩臺(tái)及其相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)需修建伸基礎(chǔ)。此加速度有可能被超越， 50年增加 10%， 100 年增加 18%，同樣假設(shè) SEE 也有一個(gè)最大加速度，即 一個(gè)循環(huán)周期（ 2500 年），它也有可能增大， 50 年增加 2%， 100 年增加 4%。在這樣一個(gè)三畏空間模型中，土壤通過(guò)其硬度可從 6 個(gè)方向限制土體的運(yùn)動(dòng)（三方向的軸向力和三方向的扭轉(zhuǎn)彎距）。東端的混凝土連接構(gòu)造長(zhǎng)420m，而西端有 3 個(gè)，長(zhǎng)分別為 60m， 60m 和 66m,所以橋的全長(zhǎng)為 1052m，橋的邊跨由 4 個(gè)橋墩支撐， 至西向東為 P1， P2， P3 和 P4。通過(guò)塔柱和橋面板形成的接口，很像建筑 物結(jié)構(gòu)的門(mén)，它與兩塔柱的相對(duì)硬度互成比例地運(yùn)作。一旦這個(gè)數(shù)目被決定，他就被用來(lái)作為滯后位移發(fā)生的最小區(qū)域。每個(gè)索塔兩側(cè)都帶有 4m 寬的人行道。特別要注意塔和橋面相接觸。這樣來(lái)保證墩的承載作用（這是一種用特征分析的方法來(lái)標(biāo)承載力的）。 共用到了 128 根懸索，最大的一個(gè)是由 83 根鋼鉸線(xiàn)組成。 另外，由地質(zhì)技術(shù)的分析，一些結(jié)構(gòu)分析能精確的表現(xiàn)復(fù)雜橋梁的整體狀況。 Pdelta 是應(yīng)用荷載（ P）與位移比值的大小。因此，主梁上部結(jié)構(gòu)施工采用就地澆注懸臂施工法。他的對(duì)外開(kāi)放通車(chē)需等它的高速公路部分完成才行。 為了節(jié)約時(shí)間，塔柱連接結(jié)構(gòu)和橋墩的施工同時(shí)進(jìn)行。塑性鉸接元素被模擬在結(jié)構(gòu)的不同部位，這些部位是 SAP2020 初始反應(yīng)設(shè)及范圍分析中顯示非彈性行為的地方。為何選擇這個(gè)程序是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)軟件容易建立工作荷載模型并算出三維效果。它們通 過(guò)用連續(xù)梁在中性軸上錨固并在塔中間直線(xiàn)拉起。為了更易建筑和增加橋梁設(shè)計(jì)的簡(jiǎn)潔；在其它的路徑采用了相似的尺寸。橋墩的設(shè)計(jì)和細(xì)部構(gòu)造是與 ATC 和 AASHTO 的具體結(jié)構(gòu)相一致的。特殊的鋼材被應(yīng)用到塔的拐角處，在這些地方有較高的應(yīng)力，需要 90176。每個(gè)都放在距墩帽 的高處，被設(shè)計(jì)成中的預(yù)應(yīng)力砼結(jié)構(gòu)，一個(gè)被截去頂端的橢圓形受力面積。用彎距分析來(lái)確定在不同數(shù)量的縱向增強(qiáng)鋼筋作用下動(dòng)軸的工作性能。 把橋面板安裝在兩塔柱上以便懸臂法施工，并且提供橋面板的扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度和冊(cè)向約束。 橋面的提升對(duì)塔結(jié)構(gòu)有非常重要的影響。波速大約為 ㎞ /s，延遲時(shí)間為 ～ s，這對(duì) 1～ 2 ㎞長(zhǎng)的橋梁是最合適的。 PSHA 總結(jié)了兩個(gè)主要震動(dòng)來(lái)說(shuō)：一個(gè)是 Rio Gatun Fault，能產(chǎn)生 的震級(jí)。運(yùn)河的東面，在過(guò)載的淺水區(qū)土層（堅(jiān)硬度軟到硬）下面有一大塊中硬到堅(jiān)硬連接緊密的玄武巖。 ● 設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)遵循美國(guó)各洲公路與運(yùn)輸工作者協(xié)會(huì)（ ASHTO）關(guān)于公路 100 年工作壽命和 H25 卡車(chē)荷載的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 被選中的設(shè)計(jì)以?xún)蓚€(gè)獨(dú)立的塔柱為特色，每一個(gè)塔柱支撐著兩組輻射式的纜索。等他對(duì)外開(kāi)放那時(shí)將有 6 個(gè)車(chē)道，這種預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土斜拉橋的主跨為420m，是西半球此種類(lèi)型橋梁中跨徑最大的。 the expansion joints are located at the abutments only. Deck movements on the order of 400 mm are expected at these modular expansion joints Multidirectional pot bearings are used at the piers and at the abutments to acmodate these movements. The deck was fixed to the two towers to facilitate the balancedcantilever method of construction and to provide torsional rigidity and lateral restraint to the deck.. Transverse live loads, seismic loads, and wind loads are proportionally distributed to the towers and the piers by the fixity of the deck to the towers and by reinforcedconcrete shear keys located at the top of P1, P3, and P4. The deck is allowed to move longitudinally over the abutments and piers. The longitudinal, seismic, live, and temperature loads are absorbed by what is known as portal frame structural behavior, whereby the towers and the deck form a portalmuch like the frame of a door in a buildingthat acts in proportion to the relative stiffness of the two towers. As previously mentioned, the presence of petent basalt on the east side of the site meant that shallow foundations could be used there。 A navigational envelope consisting of 80m of vertical clearance and 70m of horizontal clearance to acmodate the safe passage of a crane of World War 11 vintagea gift from the that is used by the Panama Canal Authority to maintain the canal gates and facilities。 A construction method that would not cross the canal at any time or interrupt canal operationa in any way. Because of the bridge’s long main span and the potential for strong seismic activity in the area,no single building code covered all aspects of the the team from . Lin International determinded which portions of several standard bridge specifications were applicable and which were following design codes were used in developing the design criteria for the bridge， it is standard specifications for highway bridge ,16th ed,1996 It was paramount that the towers of the cablestayed structucture be erected on land to avoid potential ship collision and the need to construct expensive deep foundation in water. However, geological maps and boring logs produced during the preliminary design phrase revealed that the east and west banks of the canal, wher