【正文】 ● 一個結(jié)構(gòu)要有 2 個直徑為 瀉水管。 的 NPDB 震級被作為地震時的安全系數(shù)，也就是說即使最大震級作用也不會對橋的運作造成不良影響，對橋的損害很 小不過會造成一些裂縫。提案要求至少把橋面板提升 80m，最經(jīng)濟的塔的構(gòu)造包括各自獨立的雙桿塔，也就是說，兩桿將通過交叉鋼束相互連接。結(jié)果不符合要求，基于這些結(jié)果工程師決定轉(zhuǎn)動軸中的縱向鋼筋應力混凝土數(shù)量的 1%。和 135176。橋上鋪的是整體的砼350mm，并不是直接在橋面上澆注的。準確建立 SAP2020模型，有必要確定科索、橋面板和塔柱一系列的初始應力，以便捕捉結(jié)構(gòu)最后破壞的狀態(tài)。相連接的高架橋用一個下懸式支撐絎架進行施工。為了保證不妨礙運河的交通，橋梁施工不能使用運河水。這種創(chuàng)新的簡潔的荷載轉(zhuǎn)移系統(tǒng)使橋面建筑的恫結(jié)構(gòu)快速建筑，有可能的話，三到五天就能循環(huán)一次。分析橋墩的邊縣形式來計算承載力并且與時程分析進行比較。在橋面建筑標高以上的塔部分寬度 從 變到塔頂?shù)??？v向荷載、地震荷載、活載以及溫度荷載被稱為所熟悉的網(wǎng)絡(luò)框架結(jié)構(gòu)行為吸收、分散。研究中的等植堆積長度，此長代表堆積層長度的一部分受地震運動的影響，一般為 2～ 10m。作為地下基層 Cucaracha 結(jié)構(gòu)是相當穩(wěn)定的，但是一旦暴露極易腐蝕風化。 ● 為了容納第二次世界大戰(zhàn)汽車的一個起重機使用了一個垂直凈長為 80m，水平凈長為 70m 的導航 用支架。the pany’s bid of $93 million was accepted and the project was awarded in March guarantee unimpeded canal traffic,the bridge had to be constructed without the use of the canal acplish this, the castinplace mainpain superstructure was erected using the balancedcantilever travelers were used to acplish this, and they were designed in such a way that they could be used as an integral part of the pier tables’ assembly on the ground, two 380 Mg form travelers were raised independently into the pier table casting position and connected to each an initial learning period, the contractor was able to achieve a fourday cycle for the casting of the cantilevered deck segments, an achievement that greatly enhanced the ability of the team to construct the project on the sidespan and maispan closures were cast, the travelers had to be removed from locations adjacent to the towers rather than over water so as to avoid any influence on canal traffic. To save time, the towers approach structure, and piers were built approach viaducts were designed and built using the spanbyspan erection method by means of an underslung suupport east viaduct span was built first and the support truss was then removed and transferred to the west side so that it could be used to build the three spans of the west viaduct, one span at a time. The bridge construction was pleteed in Auguse 2020 at a cost of approximately $2,780 per square opening awaits the pletion of the rest of the highway it serves. 跨越世紀之橋 1962 年，橫跨巴拿馬運河的美國大橋作為僅有的固定連接開放交通車。 A deck able to acmodate a wide pedestrian walkway。 2020 年 12 月， MOP 總共收到了來自全球各地橋梁設(shè)計公司的 8個方案。 ● 施工方法不能妨礙運河的正常工作，不管何時、用什么方法。 的Rio Gatun Fault 震級被作為地震時的，一個微小的地震運動只對橋造成及小的損害不會產(chǎn)生裂紋。工程負責人后選擇了單桿塔，因為這樣設(shè)計施工簡便，可運作、簡單又不失優(yōu)雅?？v向鋼筋的布置應滿足以下規(guī)范要求，考慮承包商優(yōu)先選擇的 CIDH 柱施工的限制。的鉤子鉤住。與整體澆注相比，它是沿架設(shè)的箱梁澆注的，碾壓設(shè)備被應用來獲得平整度的路面。通過這些初始應力的計算，基于基礎(chǔ)模型的一連串迭代法可以得到結(jié)構(gòu)中用于平衡橋梁自重和超靜載。東面高架橋主跨先被修建起來，然后移去支撐絎架遷至 西面，這樣可以同時修西面高架橋的三根橋跨和一根主跨。 在前面提到過，工程 承包商在施工過程的早期就動工了，該公司的 9300 萬美元的投標競標成功， 2020 年 3 月交付工程。鋼架被設(shè)計成通過縱向橋的橋面轉(zhuǎn)移水平力，并且通過整體的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)移豎向力。這種方法需要一種模型，此模型的構(gòu)造件的性能反應墩的性能。在縱橋向上，從塔底部的 到拱上建筑標高處恰好寬度為 8m，且矢高為 87m。支座和塔柱處的橋面板允許在縱向活動。這些研 究通過土壤不同深度的淺性堆積和非淺性堆積研究來實現(xiàn)。然而運河西面地質(zhì)是臭名昭著的 Cucaracha 結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是頁巖粘土混雜砂巖、玄武巖和灰，很容易造成崩塌、滑坡。 MOP 聯(lián)同巴拿馬運河當局就大橋的設(shè)計提出了如下要求： ● 主跨長度不得小于 420m，能適應最近加寬的 Gaillard Cut— 運河的一小部分，橫跨 Continental Divide， 2020 年被修補過并加寬到了 275m。Structrures,Inc.(CSI), of Berkeley, program was selected for its ability to easily model the service loads and to account for tridimensional correct SAP2020 modeling, it was necessary to define a set of initial stresses on the cables, deck, and tower elements to capture the state of the structure at the end of the calculation of those initial stresses, a series of iterations on the basic model were performed to obtain the stay forces in the structure that balance both the bridges’s selfweight and the superimposed dead loads. Once the correct cable stiffness and stress distribution were obtained, all subsequent serviceload analyses were performed to account for the geometric stiffness and Pdeltaeffects, which consider the magnitude of an applied load (P) versus the displacement(delta). The seismic analysis of the structure was conducted using the SADSAP structural analysis program, also a CSI product, based on the differences in seismic motions that will be experienced at the different piers based on their distance from one sophisticated program has the capability to model inelastic behavior in that flexural plastic hinges can readily be hinge elements were modeled at varous locations along the structure where the results from a preliminary response spectrum analysis in SAP2020 indicated that inelastic behavior might be timehistory records pertaining to the site were used in conjunction with the SADSAP model to botain a performacebased design of the piers and towers and to verifh the design of several deck stctions. As previously mentioned,the construction contractor was brought on board early in the process。 A design that would adhere to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official standard for a 100year service life and offer HS25 truck loading。在技術(shù)優(yōu)勢上列出了三個侯選公司后， MOP 最終選擇了舊金山的 設(shè)計橋梁，提供修建場地，依靠該公司的財政實力。 由于橋跨過長以及該地區(qū)較強的地震活動，沒有哪部建設(shè)法則能涵蓋此項工程的所有方面。如果 FEE 荷載已知， SEE 荷載就是它的 1/3，假設(shè) FEE 有一個最大加速度，即 一個循環(huán)周期（ 500 年）。 最后工程師設(shè)計出了一座：寬 ，主跨 420m 長的斜索橋，兩個 200m長的邊跨位于主跨的兩端，連接結(jié)構(gòu)在邊跨的末端。 傳動軸塑性區(qū)域的最少橫向鋼筋數(shù)被確定，因為每個傳動軸距 頂端 1/8 處和所有傳動軸頂部吸收了最強的地需要作用。 在縱向橋上，撓的性能就像一個懸臂，需要在其下部鋼筋。最小的碾壓厚度為 5mm。一旦獲得正確是斜索硬度及其應力分布，所有用來說明幾 何硬度和 Pdelta 效應等的隨后工作荷載分析也得到了。 橋梁的施工在 2020 年 8 月完成，每平方米花費 2780 美元。有關(guān)位置的時間過程記錄和 SADSAP 模型結(jié)合起來獲得橋墩和塔柱的基本表現(xiàn)設(shè)計，并核查幾個橋面板部位的設(shè)計。橋面錨固系統(tǒng)是由鋼架組成的，這個鋼架由兩個連續(xù)的橋面