外文翻譯---捕獲土建工程質(zhì)量事故的成本-文庫吧在線文庫
【正文】 struction, many panies have taken up Quality Assurance (QA) as a means of staying in business. Designers, consultants, contractors and even subcontractors are aware of the consequences if they fail to provide a minimum level of assurance to their clients. However, to stay in a highly petitive environment as in the construction industry, not only does quality work have to be offered but also a profit has to be made. Traditional thoughts often have quality and cost running counter to each other. Documentation on quality management achievements reveals the opposite to this traditional view. Companies which are capable of reducing cost without sacrificing quality are more likely to offer products/services more cheaply, thus making the product more attractive to the client. This is another reason for measuring quality. The measurement of performance in managing quality can take many forms. However, it is most convincing if benefits can be shown in terms of cost since costs have a great impact on business. In quality management the use of cost as a measure of performance has been recognized and this is usually known as the cost of quality or quality cost. While it is relatively easy to assess the cost of implementing a quality system, inspection costs and other costs related to prevention and appraisal activities, the cost of failure in construction processes are seldom measured. If causes of failure and their associated costs can be identified and reduced, resources can be used for productive work, and cost and time savings will follow. SOURCES OF QUALITY FAILURE Quality failures in a civil engineering project originate in stages such as: ? project appraisal: failure to recognize the project needs and requirements, and to minimize factors associated with risk, client39。 ? control of changes and nonconformances。如果制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)可以受益于量化質(zhì)量成本，那么建筑業(yè)同樣可以從中受益， 不過，這僅僅是個猜測。這些質(zhì)量事故被分為三個主要領(lǐng)域： 設(shè)計 、 偷工減料 和 其他 。毫無疑問，對大多數(shù)企業(yè)來說，不管是設(shè)計單位還是施工單位，都有能力在時 間和費用都可以容忍的范圍內(nèi)生產(chǎn)出合乎規(guī)范的產(chǎn)品。能夠生產(chǎn)出低成本而又不犧牲質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品的公司更有可能提供便宜的產(chǎn)品 /服務(wù)，這對客戶來說將更有吸引力。只有對評估階段進行徹底的探索才能滿足設(shè)計的需要。 ? 維護熟悉設(shè)計文件 。 以上所列的事故除了風(fēng)險，可建造性及土質(zhì)研究不足外等因素，還有溝通不暢以及計劃方案的差勁，這些都應(yīng)當(dāng)需要注意并避免額外的計劃費用以將施工費用降到最低。 土木工程的項目建設(shè)是一種集中利用消耗勞動力和地塊的行業(yè)，花費在勞動力的地塊上面的費用將達到整個建設(shè)項目的 40%～ 70%。設(shè)計的相關(guān)內(nèi)容包括 : ? 設(shè)計要求 。在質(zhì)量管理體系中，人們已清楚地認識到作為衡量業(yè)績的成本的用途，并且都把他叫做花費在質(zhì)量上的費用或叫做質(zhì)量成本。在建設(shè)過程中，許多公司把質(zhì)量保險（ QA）當(dāng)作其在該行業(yè)
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