【正文】
nt of the economy to stay hidden. 60 years later, the Japanese economy39。但 80 年代中期以后 , 因為日本結(jié)構(gòu)上的一些改革和市場開放落后于國際化和其自身經(jīng)濟實力發(fā)展的要求 , 日本經(jīng)濟在發(fā)展過程中逐漸積累矛盾 , 最終導致經(jīng)濟陷入長期蕭條。什么時候開放本國市場、為什么開放、以什么樣的形式開放、開放到哪種程度 , 都是隨著這 個國家生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的形成而形成的 , 并隨著這個關(guān)系的發(fā)展而變化。不斷增加國民財富的最好辦法就是給經(jīng)濟 活動一個完全自由的環(huán)境。 二、戰(zhàn)后市場開放對日本經(jīng)濟增長的作用 實踐得出,一個國家能走上市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展道路 , 就一定能開展國際貿(mào)易。在資本流動上 , 1949 年制定了《外匯及外貿(mào)管理法》 , 主要內(nèi)容是控制資本外流 , 避免國際收支惡化。 1960 年它的進口自由化比率大約為 40%, 1962 年增加到 88% , 到 1974 年是 94%。 1978 年 , 外國對日本的直接投資總額是 22 億美元。因為日本商品競爭力增強 , 出口迅速增長 , 對外貿(mào)易基本保持順差 , 日本與歐美發(fā)達國家間的貿(mào)易摩擦經(jīng)常發(fā)生 , 并且歐美經(jīng)濟開始出現(xiàn)區(qū)域化傾向 , 日本不得不為對外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展尋求新的出路來改變它在國際經(jīng)濟社會中的地位。同時 , 政府還用了法規(guī)、財政、金融等許多手段進行調(diào)節(jié)和干預 , 如 1949 年制定的《外匯及外貿(mào)管理法》是戰(zhàn)后日本政府管理經(jīng)濟活動的一個重要法律依據(jù)。開放市場不僅可以充分利用本國資源 , 而且可以利用全球資源 , 在比較優(yōu)勢的基礎(chǔ)上提高資源配置效率 , 促進產(chǎn)業(yè)及整體經(jīng)濟實力的增長。⑤因此也可以看出 , 日本無論在對外貿(mào)易還是在投資 , 都是出大于進 , 在一定程度上反映了日本市場的相對封閉性和開放的單向性。日本加入經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織 (OECD), 為它向自由經(jīng)濟體制過渡提供了前提條件。 60 年代以后 , 日本經(jīng)濟對外依賴不斷提高 , 本國企業(yè)實力大大增強 , 這個時候世界貿(mào)易呈現(xiàn)出自由化傾向 , 許多國家要求日本開放國內(nèi)市場。 1949 年 , 日本實行了固定的匯率制度 ,發(fā)展民間直接貿(mào)易 , 日本經(jīng)濟開始走向國際市場。古典學派和新古典學派的經(jīng)濟學家發(fā)現(xiàn)了自由市場經(jīng)濟運行機制的有效性 , 但這些觀點是建立在完全競爭和完善市場神話的條件上。從這個方面來看 , 市場開放包括競爭和市場機制的理論。①那么 , 日本經(jīng)濟的關(guān)鍵在于哪里呢 ?本文從市場開放理論出發(fā) , 通過分析戰(zhàn)后日本經(jīng)濟增長 , 討論了 90 年代日本經(jīng)濟長時間蕭條的原因 , 和市場開放與經(jīng)濟增長的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。s foreign trade development had to seek new way to change its international isolation in the economic and social. The mid80s, Japan will revitalize the Foreign Trade Policy from the original export, free imports, adjusted to the controlled expansion of exports, encourage the expansion of imports, such as import restrictions to reduce the types of goods, lower tariffs on imported goods, simplify import procedures, and expand import quotas and other measures to strengthen international coordination. The open market policy measures in Japan, its a great role in economic development. First of all, to promote the postwar Japan39。s role will be relatively lower, the market mechanism will be strengthened accordingly, from this perspective, market liberalization and market mechanism contains the theory of petition. Since the market economy since its inception, people of the market mechanism, there is always a different view. ? Adam Smith in his classic The Wealth of Nations, stressed the importance of free petition is the invisible hand, it can be selfregulating economic operation. Increasing national wealth the best way is to give plete freedom of economic activities. State intervention in economic life tend to impede the role play to limit the normal operation of the market system, damage the interests of consumers. Government39。s structural reform and market opening, and lags behind the international development of its own economic strength requirements of the Japanese economy in the gradual accumulation of contradictions in the development process, leading the economy into longterm depression. Therefore, the establishment of the open market to meet the international system, the Japanese economy will remain a major issue facing future. Keywords: economic growth, open markets in Japan Introduction June 2020, the Japanese government lowered its economic and financial advisory meeting growth target for the Japanese economy is forecast since the beginning of 2020 two or three years, gross domestic product (GDP) real growth rate of percent, and with the nonperf