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否 應(yīng) 把經(jīng)銷商排除, 確定了 CFPA 的 任務(wù)范圍 。 經(jīng)銷商 在市場中的地位很重要 ,它們 有 最大的單一渠道 汽車貸款和租賃(含 79%的市場份額), 這些汽車貸款和租賃的 企業(yè) 的規(guī)模 (超過 850 美元的出榜上億美元)比 整個(gè)信用 卡行業(yè) 還大 。 美國家庭的信用義務(wù)主要由抵押貸款和房屋凈值債務(wù) 組成 ,汽車金融 ( 其中包括貸款和租賃 ) 則 構(gòu)成了第二大類別, 甚至 險(xiǎn)勝信用卡 業(yè)務(wù) 。像其他信用中介機(jī)構(gòu) 一樣 ,金融和保險(xiǎn) 的 員工 利用其 獲得 的 足夠的信息來說服借款人同意貸款。 和 專屬 汽車 金融公司 相 比 ,信用合作社往往有比較強(qiáng)的消費(fèi)者 專營權(quán) ,而且 重 視 直接渠道。即使 是 在 2020年 已經(jīng)因 串行納稅人 的 資本注入 這種形式 而受益 的 GMAC也依賴于資本市場資金 。不同于次貸購房, 汽車不是 一次性的奢侈品 ,對它們來說用次級貸款來買車是 一個(gè)可以實(shí)現(xiàn) 的難度較低的計(jì)劃 。 這似乎使得該行業(yè)受到重創(chuàng) ,因?yàn)橘u車是一個(gè)殘酷的薄利潤的業(yè)務(wù),經(jīng)銷商 的業(yè)績好壞往往要看運(yùn)氣 , 即使在行情好的時(shí)候 ,也 只有 150 個(gè)基點(diǎn)的稅前凈利潤率。綜合規(guī)則 的 制定優(yōu) 先 于憲章式或其他形式區(qū)分的規(guī)則 。 最近的歷史表明, 僅靠金融市場的力量 是不 夠 保 證消費(fèi)者的 合法權(quán)益的 。 這 在汽車經(jīng)銷商 里尤其 嚴(yán)重 。 華爾街投資企業(yè)比傳統(tǒng)存款資銀行 更 不穩(wěn)定 。 。 以 華爾街為主的汽車經(jīng)銷商 們的 貸款資金來源 是不怎么好的 , 不能保護(hù)消費(fèi)者 的合法利益 。 對 汽車經(jīng)銷商 的免征稅 這一行為, 正是 造成 的 監(jiān)管套利 的潛在因素 ,CFPA 的行為 是為了防止 潛在力量 進(jìn)一步的 擴(kuò)散 。他們經(jīng)常 收取 一些不合理的費(fèi)用, 他們有能力來掩蓋 其 自動(dòng)交易,他們經(jīng)常 收 到貸款獎(jiǎng)勵(lì) 或支付 折扣 , 這種情況 進(jìn)一步 為貸款的 價(jià)格透明度蒙上 了 陰影,他們 與 客戶互動(dòng) 不 會(huì) 被 記錄 在呼叫中心的檔案中,也不受分支機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)督。 值得注意的是,評估 這樣的行為 并不需要首先確定 CFPA 本身 的好壞 。 這似乎是 汽車經(jīng)銷商多年來 能夠無視自由市場的 損失 嚴(yán)重性 的原因 。次級占整體貸款 的份額 大致保持不變 ,大概保持在 20%。專屬 汽車 金融公司缺乏分行網(wǎng)絡(luò)或商業(yè)客戶基 地來以吸引可靠 的、 低 成本 的 、 穩(wěn)定的存款。因?yàn)?有 一些制造商愿意補(bǔ)貼消費(fèi)信貸 來 推動(dòng)汽車銷售 。 “ 間接 ” 渠道 是一種發(fā)生 貸款人和借款人 間的 中介方式。由于受 金融 危機(jī) 的 影響 , 勉強(qiáng)將 籌資模式 從 傳統(tǒng)的銀行和信用社 形式轉(zhuǎn)變 成華爾街 的 形式 , 這會(huì)給以后的發(fā)展帶來潛在危險(xiǎn) 。全面制定規(guī)則以防止監(jiān)管問題 中出現(xiàn) 套利機(jī)會(huì) 。相反,它是為了告知 人們 ,假設(shè)有一個(gè) CFPA,汽車經(jīng)銷商是否應(yīng)在 其管轄范圍 內(nèi)。 and now, through a special regulatory regime for auto dealers) they are risking rebuilding precisely the same unstable shadow banking system that just proved its own frailty. Most obviously, the exemption is an affirmative step in the wrong direction for consumer protection in auto finance. It seeks to protect the players with the most dubious customer practices, and it discriminates against the relatively customer friendly direct channel strategies pursued by munity banks and credit unions. The exemption also offends even the most basic principles of regulatory equity. Free market adherents should be dismayed by the notion of special regulatory treatment for some classes of market participants (car dealers, national banks, Wall Street firms) over others (munity banks, credit unions) that appear equally distressed in the current crisis. Perhaps even more troubling than the auto dealer exemption itself, given the large, bipartisan majority of the House Financial Services Committee that supported it, is what it implies more broadly: The bipartisan zeal for, and growing fort with, special interest subsidies that distort free markets in favor of the largest and most politically entrenched participants. 譯 文: 汽車業(yè)競爭 的 關(guān)鍵 : 汽車金融中 自由市場和消費(fèi)者 的 保護(hù) 在過去的幾個(gè)月里 ,美聯(lián)儲(chǔ) 、 國會(huì)和政府一直在考慮如何加強(qiáng) 對 消費(fèi)者金融服務(wù)的保護(hù)。 they have the ability to obscure pricing among the several moving parts of an auto transaction (new car price, tradein value, loan rate, loan fees, “garbage” fees, aftermarket services)。 they are the single largest channel (with 79% market share) in the origination of auto loans and leases, a business that (at more than $850 billion in out standings) is larger than the entire credit card industry. Moreover, auto finance is demonstrably susceptible to unfair and deceptive practices, and those practices are demonstrably not held in check by private market forces alone. Intentionally creating a fragmented approach to regulation in auto finance one set of rules for auto dealers, another set for banks and credit unions – would invite the kind of “race to the bottom” in consumer practices that was manifest during the credit bubble. At the same time, the exemption discourages a “race to the top”: by granting the dominant players in the business a specially permissive regulatory regime, policymakers would tilt the field against more customerfriendly business models, principally at munity banks and credit unions. The exemption would also encourage long term instability in the market’s structure. The auto finance market consists of two basic distribution channels: the dealer (or “indirect”) channel, which is generally funded by a handful of large national banks and Wall Street capital markets platforms。外文題目: AUTO RACE TO THE BOTTOM: Free Markets and Consumer Protection in Auto Finance 出 處: Research Note November 16, 2020 作 者: Raj Date and Brian Reed 原 文: AUTO RACE TO THE BOTTOM: Free Markets and Consumer Protection in Auto Finance Raj Date and Brian Reed Introduction Over the past several months, the Federal Reserve, Congress, and the Administration have been considering ways to strengthen and rationalize consumer protection in financial services. Central to that debate is the proposed creation of a new agency focused exclusively on this issue, the Consumer Financial Protection Agency (the “CFPA”). Despite pronounce industry opposition, a consensus appears to be developing among policymakers that the proliferation of dubiously structured and marketed consumer financial products helped fuel an unsustainable bubble in credit and asset values prior to the financial crisis, and visited widespread distress among households thereafter. Proponents of the CFPA