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外文翻譯--亞硝酸鹽擴增pcr引物系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展-文庫吧在線文庫

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【正文】 After a denaturing step of 4 min at 94176。C, a “touchdown” PCR was performed (Thermocycler 2400。C) and thawed (5 min at 30176。 Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) precipitation step to remove humic acids and carbohydrates. Surface water (30 liters) from Lake Kleiner Plo168。C. For genomic DNA isolation, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Ochrobactrum, Paracoccus, and Azospirillum strains and the denitrifying isolate IFAM 3698 were grown on nutrient broth (NB。 the nirS probe, on the other hand, hybridized with a more limited variety of strains . A PCR method with one primer pair to target the nirS nitrite reductase gene showed higher specificity than hybridization experiments . In the present study, we report on the application of new primer systems for both types of nitrite reductase genes. We used several different primer pairs to determine the nir type of denitrifying strains. Using samples from aquatic habitats, we amplified nir fragments and used the most reliable primer pairs for nirK or nirS, respectively, to successfully detect, in these aquatic samples, different populations of denitrifying bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacteria and growth conditions. A variety of denitrifying and nondenitrifying bacterial strains were used to evaluate the specificity of designed PCR primers. All strains were grown aerobically at 27176。C), and the pellet was air dried and resuspended in % NaCl solution. DNA extraction was followed by an additional hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB。C). The airdried pellet was resuspended in 10 ml of SET buffer (5% sucrose, 50 mM EDTA, 50 mM TrisHCl [pH ]). The cells were lysed by the method of Smalla with modifications suggested by Gliesche et al. The suspension was frozen (20 min at 220176。 Appligene Oncor, Illkirch, France), 25 pmol (forgenomic DNA) or 35 pmol (for total DNA from environmental samples) of both primers (5 pmol ml21 each), and DNA (10 to 100 ng). After a denaturation step of 5 min at 95176。C. The additional 20 cycles were performed at an annealing temperature of 43176。C. After hybridization, the membrane was washed twice for 5 min at room temperature in 100 ml of a solution containing 23 SSC (13 SSC is M NaCl plus M sodium citrate) and % (wt/vol) SDS and twice at 45176。 nirS 基因擴增產(chǎn)堿 和反硝化隔離。在環(huán)境中,反硝化是負責釋放到大氣中的氮氣形成的固定氮。亞硝酸鹽還原酶的異化反硝化過程中的關(guān)鍵酶。二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸已被用來確定 nirK 基因含有反硝化。從水生環(huán)境中使用的樣品,我們擴增了近紅外碎片和 nirK 基因或近紅外光譜,分別為最可靠的引物對這些水樣中,成功地檢測到,不同的人群,反硝化細菌。 IFAM ZV622T 337B1中型增長 %(體積 /體積)甲醇。從富集培養(yǎng)和四個環(huán)境總 DNA 的制備樣品。提取 DNA,用 Chelex 100。 Millipore 公司,貝德福德,馬薩諸塞州),細胞收集上 Durapore 過濾器(孔徑 。暫停( 20分鐘 220℃ )凍結(jié)和解凍( 5分鐘在 30176。 沉積物 DNA(克萊納普羅湖 “NER 見 。這包括變性步驟 30秒在 95176。C,直到它到達觸地得分在 40176。標簽進行終止與生物素標記的 dideoxynucleoside三磷酸聚合。發(fā)表 nirK基因和 NIRS在 EMBL核酸序列數(shù)據(jù)庫的序列 FASTA格式的 HUSAR 方案包基于遺傳學計算機組序列分析軟件包分析獲得的序列進行了比較。引物組合,從基因組 DNA 從產(chǎn)堿xylosoxidans NCIMB 11015 nirK1F nirK5R 和斯氏假單胞菌 ATCC 14405基因組DNA的組合 nirS1FnirS6R產(chǎn)生的產(chǎn)品被用來作為 nirK基因和近紅外光譜探針,分別確定近紅外產(chǎn)品的特殊性從環(huán)境總 DNA擴增。隨后,的 digoxigeninlabeled 探針雜交指定制造商(勃林格)基板與四氮唑藍 / X 磷酸酶聯(lián)免疫檢測。一個更通用的方法來檢測環(huán)境樣品中的所有反硝化細菌可能是生理基因或酶作為分子標記的使用。 nirK基因的基因探針通過雜交,可總是證實了這種類型的亞硝酸鹽還原酶,在純文化。當每個基因的序列,分別對齊,每個保守的地區(qū)明顯。特異性擴增證實了測序最大的產(chǎn)品。從八株 Ochrobactrum anthropi 的 nirK基因片段分別為 %的同源性(數(shù)據(jù)未顯示)。 nirK基因和亞硝酸鹽還原酶的基因 NIRS,使用一個一般放大的引物組合每個 NIR 基因的 PCR 系統(tǒng),可以成功地應(yīng)用于檢測水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的反硝化細菌種群。在反硝化細菌 nir基因的分布可以以不同的方式解釋。這里考察的近紅外光譜的片段超過 nirK 基因的異質(zhì)性。特異性 PCR 方法證實,由于特定產(chǎn)品沒有得到時可能執(zhí)行同化硝酸 2呼吸 nondenitrifying 株或同株擁有其他 NIR 類型的編碼基因的引物組合。沒有實現(xiàn),如與抗血清的使用中獲得的一個具體應(yīng)變反應(yīng),雖然一些的 NIRS 含株擴增失敗雜交檢測。當多種約 150的未知 dNir 的類型反硝化菌株對銅產(chǎn)堿 cycloclastes dNir 這個組合和抗血清篩選, 90%的菌株可以擁有的血紅素型或銅 dNir 的確定。 討論 可以由不同的分子生物學方法研究環(huán)境樣品中的反硝化細菌的遺傳多樣性。C10毫升地高辛易的HYB 含有特異性探針( 25納克 ML21)解決方案,并在 42176。瓊脂糖凝膠( 2%,重量 /體積),約 100納克(純培養(yǎng))或 250納克(環(huán)境樣品)的 PCR產(chǎn)物進行了分析。C組, 6分鐘的額外延伸,在 60176。電泳分析擴增產(chǎn)物在 2%(重量 /體積)與溴化乙錠( liter21) 15分鐘,染色的瓊脂糖凝膠(勃林格殷格翰公司,德國)。C間進行。ML21 Appligene Oncor,伊爾基希,法國), 25 pmol( forgenomic DNA),或 35 pmol 的兩個引物(從環(huán)境樣品總 DNA)( 5 pmol ML21每個每個deoxyribonucleoside 磷酸)和 DNA( 10至 100納克)。 DNA 提取和純化由Gliesche 等方法進行。收獲細胞,然后通過離心( 8000 3克45分鐘,在 4176。提取 DNA,其次是一個額外的十六烷基三甲基溴化銨( CTAB法 。 4周后在 28176。腸桿菌株生長盧里亞肉湯。C。近紅外探頭,另一方面,雜交品種較為有限的菌株。 NIRS更廣泛地分布 。環(huán)境污染物的生物修復技術(shù),可實現(xiàn)反硝化條件下。這些結(jié)果表明反硝化細菌在環(huán)境樣品的定性檢測的適用性酸堿度。引物序列,發(fā)現(xiàn)從兩個亞硝酸鹽還原酶基因擴增片段的序列比較分析后( nirK基因和 NIRS)。C were performed, followed by an additional extension step of 6 min at 60176。C. After 30 cycles, a final 7min incubation at 72176。 collected at a depth of 9 m in August 1996) were concentrated by tangentialflow filtration . To 100 ml of the cell suspension was added 200 ml of MilliQ water。ttingen, Germany) to remove particles larger than 100 mm and then through a fiberglass filter (pore size, 3 mm。n (SchleswigHolstein, Germany). After 4 weeks at 28176。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )外文資料翻譯 系 別: 電子信息系 專 業(yè): 自動化 班 級 姓 名: 學 號: 外文出處: 電子電器類外文文獻 附 件: 1. 原文; 2. 譯文 年月 Development of PCR Primer Systems for Amplification of Nitrite Reductase Genes (nirK and nirS) To Detect Denitrifying Bacteria in Environmental Samples A system was developed for the detection of denitrifying bacteria by the amplification of specific nitrite reducetase gene fragments with PCR. Primer sequences were found for the amplification of fragments from both nitrite reductase genes (nirK and nirS) after parative sequence analysis. Whenever amplification was triedwiththese primers, the known nir type of denitrifying laboratory cultures could be confirmed. Likewise, the method allowed a determination of the nir type of five labo
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