機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)外文翻譯(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 s a reflection of human development, a measure of human progress, and the ability to transform challenge into routine. We must shift our thinking from that of a deviceoriented paradigm to a purposeoriented paradigm. Advances in robot technology should not overlie an attitude of attempting to simply build the best machine possible. The goal should be to create a highly intelligent, autonomous surgical environment capable of seamlessly integrating all inputs in order to provide specialized, dedicated outputs. ROBOTS IN SURGERY Robots offer a wide array of benefits in the surgical arena. They increase the accuracy and dexterity of the surgeon, reduce the tremor of the human hand, and can amplify or reduce the movements and/or forces applied by the surgeon. The number and range of robotic applications in surgery are growing rapidly, and several classifications of robotic surgical systems have been ,77 However, few validated solutions are cur rently available. When validating a roboticassisted task, the key requirements to be considered are safety, accuracy, sterility, integration in the operating room, and measurable benefits (such as reduced operative time, reduced surgical trauma, and improved clinical outes). We review here the currently available robotassisted applications from two aspects: task performed and surgical area. RobotAssisted Tasks Typical surgical tasks being robotized include instrument positioning and micropositioning, trajectory planning and precise needle insertion, free motion allowing the instrument to be arbitrarily positioned and oriented, motion in a constrained region, motion and force scaling, bone cutting, drilling, milling, and shaping, and soft tissue cutting and destructing, among many other tasks. Positioning Robotassisted positioning overes the human hand39。m. The system scales movements and senses forces applied to the instruments. The surgeon controls the robot from an integrated Other models are also available that reportedly offer steadyhand control during various microsurgical procedures. Radiosurgery The CYBERKNIFE robotic system2 allows a linear accelerator to be arbitrarily positioned in a 6 df orientation. Imageguided robotic radiosurgery utilizing a Fanuc manipulator has also been Robotic motion pensation for respiratory movement of extracranial tumor targets is reported in the Cyberknife2 to offer significant improvements in the associated safety Conclusion Globalization, as mondialization, has advantages and drawbacks. This applies to various fields, including health care and, more precisely, surgery. The financial constraints are putting pressure on the management of health problems to the point that the main goal of medicine might be fotten or even more deviated to meet the budget demands, although the contrary should be the case. We must not fet the essence of things。s hand and finger movements are scaled down kinematically in terms of displacement, velocity, and acceleration or force. Force Control Force control is critical when performing tasks such as brain retraction. Continuous contact must be maintained without damaging the retracted tissue. 31,.61 Robotic retraction may present a superior alternative to human retraction by minimizing the forces exerted on tissues. Force control is even more important when it es to handling a delicate and fragile object: promise has to be made between a firm grip to prevent fall of the object and softness to prevent from crushing it, as for a light plastic glass filled with water. RobotAssisted Surgical Applications Robots are currently being employed in a wide ar ray of surgical subspecialties. Included are laparoscopy, orthopedics, craniofacial and maxillofacial surgery, microsurgery, radiosurgery, cardiaothoracic surgery, and neurosurgery. Laparoscopy LARS is a robotic system designed to assist surgeons in laparoscopic procedures with tasks such as camera holding and enhanced precision control of Other systems are also available in which surgical vision is robotically Laparoscopic procedures in which robot assistance has been reported include cholecystectomies, hernia repairs, gastric procedures, and A miniature robot capable of propelling itself in a semiautonomous fashion along the lumen of the colon is described for use in colonoscopies. The robot is able to both visualize the colon and perform tissue In prostate cancer, the use of robotics in laparoscopic radical prostatectomies has been reported .42 Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is among the latest technical innovations in prostate cancer surgery. A vo
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