項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理外文翻譯(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 ppraise and reply in dealing with the project risk. Finally, in the risk estimation and risk appraise, this paper paid attention to evaluate the losing caused by the risk exactly。 and sort all possible events according to their present values from small to big, calculate accumulative probability, square margin and disperse modulus, thus analyze the risk of project quantitatively, provide quantitative support for supervisor when they will make a decision. Comparing with international advanced level, our country has great gap on the link of how to apply theory of project risk management to practice of project management, especially short of system research in project risk management. On the basis International project contracting is rather a plex project in the cooperation of international economy and technology, and the implementing of the projects will be influenced by political, economy and social situations Firstly, this paper systemically analyzed the market situation of the international project contracting, and concretely analyzed the market structure in Asia, America, Africa and Europe. It concluded the trend of the development of the international contracting market。本文前兩章為課題研究的背景和理論基礎(chǔ)，第一章介紹了本課題的國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀，課題的意義和課題的研究范圍。第四章是大中型房地產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目采購(gòu)階段的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理，也是通過研究項(xiàng)目采購(gòu)的含義，原則，作用，目標(biāo)和關(guān)鍵角色來(lái)識(shí)別和分析項(xiàng)目采購(gòu)階段的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素，并制定承包商和供應(yīng)商評(píng)選程序來(lái)緩解 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，也介紹項(xiàng)目采購(gòu)計(jì)劃的制定方法和內(nèi)容，并給出了示例。由于應(yīng)對(duì)方案的實(shí)施會(huì)改變項(xiàng)目結(jié)果的分布，簡(jiǎn)單地采用項(xiàng)目原折現(xiàn)率對(duì)期望值折現(xiàn)來(lái)對(duì)應(yīng)對(duì)方案進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)已不再適用。第二章主要介紹了項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別的工具 和技術(shù)。為了更好地實(shí)施項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)控，制定完善的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)計(jì)劃是必要的，其措施主要有：減輕風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)，預(yù)防風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（如工程法，教育法，程序法），轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（出售，發(fā)包，開脫責(zé)任合同，保險(xiǎn)與擔(dān)保），回避，自留，后各措施。與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平相比，我國(guó)目前在項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理理論如何應(yīng)用到項(xiàng)目管 理實(shí)踐這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)上還有很大差距，尤其缺乏對(duì)項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的系統(tǒng)研究。最后本文從力爭(zhēng)全面考慮各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；準(zhǔn)確估計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)造成的損失；兼顧成本，收益兩方面因素，尋求經(jīng)濟(jì)合理等方面提出了降低國(guó)際工程承包風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，提高企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)效率的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)措施。其次，本文分析了我國(guó)國(guó)際工程承包的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和特點(diǎn)。本章首先從地段，周邊環(huán)境，交通和市場(chǎng)需求等諸多方面對(duì)該項(xiàng)目進(jìn) 行了市場(chǎng)調(diào)研，然后對(duì)該項(xiàng)目在融資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和合資的組織風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的分析。在進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目定量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析時(shí)，首先要有明確的依據(jù)，不能憑空臆測(cè)：其次應(yīng)區(qū)分清確定性項(xiàng)目和不確定性項(xiàng)目定量分析的方法。本文對(duì)指導(dǎo)工程項(xiàng)目的投資者 /管理者如何在項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段建立一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理體系并正確做出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策有一定的參考價(jià)值。這些程序已經(jīng)在我所承擔(dān)的項(xiàng)目中實(shí)際運(yùn)用，并被證明有效地 緩解項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在研究項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的流程是，將項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理劃分為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)控四個(gè)步驟，并對(duì)每個(gè)步驟的依據(jù)，方法，和結(jié)果做了介紹。特別是 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代以后，隨著高新技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展以及經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化，項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的研究也越來(lái)越系統(tǒng)化， 專業(yè)化。外文翻譯 As one of the important subjects of project management originated the First World War, and now it has been being more and more systematic and professional. In China the systematic project risk management framework was developed by the end of last century, but the practical application of project risk management still needs further improvement. With above background, this thesis focused on the medium or large real estate project, research project character, project management, typical Chinese construction project process, risk management, and project risk management. The first chapter briefed the current international and domestic study status of the subject, thesis purpose, and thesis scope, which are risk an
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