【正文】 于確認是否能夠勝任測量輸出特性的要求 ? Then after we’ve improved the process, we will need to assess it again and potentially need to improve it/在改善過程以后，我們需要再次評價測量系統(tǒng)，以及潛在的測量系統(tǒng)的改進 1. Select Output Characteristic 2. Define Performance Standards 3. Validate Measurement System確認測量系統(tǒng) 4. Establish Baseline Process Capability 5. Define Performance Objectives 6. Identify Variation Sources 7. Screen Potential Causes 8. Discover Variable Relationships 9. Establish Operating Tolerances – Implement Improvements 10. Validate Measurement System確認測量系統(tǒng) 11. Determine Final Process Capability 12. Implement Process Controls 1 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Variables Module Objectives By the end of this module, the participant should be able to: ? Discuss the need for an Attribute Measurement System Analysis探討屬性數(shù)據(jù)測量系統(tǒng)分析所需條件 ? Describe the types of Attribute Measurement System Analyses and when to use them 敘述屬性數(shù)據(jù)測量系統(tǒng)分析以及何時使用 ? Perform an Attribute Measurement System Analysis 實施屬性數(shù)據(jù)測量系統(tǒng)分析 2 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Attribute Typical Measurement Systems Attribute MSA ? Examples Data collection form Survey Customer satisfaction Academic grades Plug gages (go/nogo) Thread gages (go/nogo) Visual defect check Note that often Attribute Measurement Systems involve human judgment – Is it reliable for use in decision making?/注意屬性數(shù)據(jù) MSA經(jīng)常包含人員的判定 –判定可靠嗎？ 3 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Attribute Purpose Of Attribute MSA ? Accuracy checks 準確性檢查 Assess standards against customers’ requirements 評價標準和顧客要求對比 Identify how well Measurement System conforms to a “known master” /識別測量系統(tǒng)符合 ”已知標準 ”的程度 ? Precision checks 精密性檢查 To determine if inspectors (Appraisers) across all shifts, machines, lines, etc… use the same criteria to evaluate items – Reproducibility / 確認檢查員 (評價者 )所有班次、設備、生產(chǎn)線是否使用相同標準評價 – 再現(xiàn)性 To quantify the ability of inspectors (Appraisers) or gages to accurately repeat their inspection decisions – Repeatability / 量化檢查員 (評價者 )或儀器準確重復檢查結(jié)果的能力 –重復性 ? To identify how well inspectors/gages measure a known master (possibly defined by the customer) to ensure no misclassification occurs /識別檢查員 /儀器測量 ”已知標準 ”(可能是顧客定義 )確保沒有錯誤分類的能力 How often operators decide to ship truly defective product 多久操作員會將不良品判為合格品？ How often operators do not ship truly acceptable product 多久操作員會將合格品判為不良品？ ? To determine areas where 確定以下范圍 Training is needed 是否需要培訓 Procedures or Control Plans are lacking 是否缺乏程序或控制計劃 Standards are not clearly defined 標準是否未定義 Gage adjustment or correlation is necessary 儀器調(diào)整或相互性是必須的 4 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Attribute Attribute Data With Unordered Categories非順序型的屬性數(shù)據(jù) – Kappa ? Suppose that invoice quality is a key to the process Throughput. In other words, if an invoice is inplete, the rework required impacts the quantity that can be processed in a day. Two Appraisers are asked to independently evaluate ten invoices randomly selected from different days. The results of the study are shown below:/假定發(fā)票質(zhì)量是過程輸出的關鍵，換句話說，如果一張發(fā)票不完整，再作業(yè)就會影響當天的產(chǎn)量。 assessments agree with each other. Kappa Statistics Response Kappa SE Kappa Z P(vs. 0) b g MINITAB Output – Session Window Since Kappa for both Appraisers, both agree well with themselves/ 2個評價者 Kappa ，一致度較好 ? Adequate repeatability/足夠的重復性 Since Kappa for the Between Appraisers,/ 評價者間的 Kappa ? Adequate reproducibility/足夠的再現(xiàn)性 13 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Attribute Guidelines For Kappa Studies ? Planning 策劃 Sample Size樣本大小 ? 100 samples with two trials per Appraiser / 100個樣品，每個評價者重復 2次 ? If only 50100 samples are available, do three trials per Appraiser/如果只有 50100個樣品，每個評價者重復 3次 ? 50, understand that you may need very high Kappas to have adequate confidence/50, 需要很高的Kappa值才能有足夠的信賴性 Sample Part Selection 樣品選擇 ? Parts in the study should represent the full range of variation – Practically speaking, if you chose “really good” parts and “really bad” parts, you wouldn’t be testing the Measurement Systems ability to accurately categorize the ones in between/研究的樣品能夠代表變差的整個范圍 –事實上，如果選擇 ”很好 ”或”很壞”的部件，就不能檢驗測量系統(tǒng)正確分類的能力 ? For maximum confidence in the calculated Kappa, we would like to have 50/50 mix of good/bad parts。這里表示有的純粹由于偶然而發(fā)生非 0 KCC的機會是 %(互相聯(lián)系的水平 )。 20232023 28 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Attribute DATE: 1/4/2023 Attribute Legend 5 (used in putations) NAME: Acme Employee 1 Pass PRODUCT: Widgets 2 Fail BUSINESS: Earth Products Known Population Sample Attribute Try 1 Try 2 Try 1 Try 2 Try 1 Try 2 1 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass 2 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass 3 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass 4 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Fail Pass 5 Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Pass Fail 6 Fail Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass 7 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass 8 Pass Pass Pas