【正文】 we will need to assess it again and potentially need to improve it/在改善過程以后，我們需要再次評(píng)價(jià)測量系統(tǒng)，以及潛在的測量系統(tǒng)的改進(jìn) 1. Select Output Characteristic 2. Define Performance Standards 3. Validate Measurement System確認(rèn)測量系統(tǒng) 4. Establish Baseline Process Capability 5. Define Performance Objectives 6. Identify Variation Sources 7. Screen Potential Causes 8. Discover Variable Relationships 9. Establish Operating Tolerances – Implement Improvements 10. Validate Measurement System確認(rèn)測量系統(tǒng) 11. Determine Final Process Capability 12. Implement Process Controls 1 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Variables Module Objectives By the end of this module, the participant should be able to: ? Discuss the need for an Attribute Measurement System Analysis探討屬性數(shù)據(jù)測量系統(tǒng)分析所需條件 ? Describe the types of Attribute Measurement System Analyses and when to use them 敘述屬性數(shù)據(jù)測量系統(tǒng)分析以及何時(shí)使用 ? Perform an Attribute Measurement System Analysis 實(shí)施屬性數(shù)據(jù)測量系統(tǒng)分析 2 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Attribute Typical Measurement Systems Attribute MSA ? Examples Data collection form Survey Customer satisfaction Academic grades Plug gages (go/nogo) Thread gages (go/nogo) Visual defect check Note that often Attribute Measurement Systems involve human judgment – Is it reliable for use in decision making?/注意屬性數(shù)據(jù) MSA經(jīng)常包含人員的判定 –判定可靠嗎？ 3 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Attribute Purpose Of Attribute MSA ? Accuracy checks 準(zhǔn)確性檢查 Assess standards against customers’ requirements 評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和顧客要求對(duì)比 Identify how well Measurement System conforms to a “known master” /識(shí)別測量系統(tǒng)符合 ”已知標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ”的程度 ? Precision checks 精密性檢查 To determine if inspectors (Appraisers) across all shifts, machines, lines, etc… use the same criteria to evaluate items – Reproducibility / 確認(rèn)檢查員 (評(píng)價(jià)者 )所有班次、設(shè)備、生產(chǎn)線是否使用相同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)價(jià) – 再現(xiàn)性 To quantify the ability of inspectors (Appraisers) or gages to accurately repeat their inspection decisions – Repeatability / 量化檢查員 (評(píng)價(jià)者 )或儀器準(zhǔn)確重復(fù)檢查結(jié)果的能力 –重復(fù)性 ? To identify how well inspectors/gages measure a known master (possibly defined by the customer) to ensure no misclassification occurs /識(shí)別檢查員 /儀器測量 ”已知標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ”(可能是顧客定義 )確保沒有錯(cuò)誤分類的能力 How often operators decide to ship truly defective product 多久操作員會(huì)將不良品判為合格品？ How often operators do not ship truly acceptable product 多久操作員會(huì)將合格品判為不良品？ ? To determine areas where 確定以下范圍 Training is needed 是否需要培訓(xùn) Procedures or Control Plans are lacking 是否缺乏程序或控制計(jì)劃 Standards are not clearly defined 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否未定義 Gage adjustment or correlation is necessary 儀器調(diào)整或相互性是必須的 4 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Attribute Attribute Data With Unordered Categories非順序型的屬性數(shù)據(jù) – Kappa ? Suppose that invoice quality is a key to the process Throughput. In other words, if an invoice is inplete, the rework required impacts the quantity that can be processed in a day. Two Appraisers are asked to independently evaluate ten invoices randomly selected from different days. The results of the study are shown below:/假定發(fā)票質(zhì)量是過程輸出的關(guān)鍵，換句話說，如果一張發(fā)票不完整，再作業(yè)就會(huì)影響當(dāng)天的產(chǎn)量。 2個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)者獨(dú)立評(píng)價(jià)隨機(jī)在不同日期抽取的 10張發(fā)票。 2. In teams of two, appoint one person to be the data collector – The other person is the inspector. The data collection sheet is located on the following page. 2人一組，任命其中一個(gè)為數(shù)據(jù)收集員，另一個(gè)是檢查員，數(shù)據(jù)收集表在后面一頁中 3. The document number is located under each of the 20 documents. The documents will be visible for three seconds before automatically advancing. The exercise will be finished in 60 seconds (three seconds/part).共有 20個(gè)文件，每個(gè)顯示 3秒，然后自動(dòng)進(jìn)行下一個(gè)。 30/70 ratio is acceptable – Beyond this level, single disagreements can have large leverage on the Kappa / 計(jì)算 Kappa，為了最大化信賴性，最好 good/bad的部件各占 50%， 30/70也是可以接受的 – 超過這個(gè)限度，單個(gè)的不一致對(duì) Kappa有很大影響 ? Execution 實(shí)施 Parts should be rated in random order independently (no parisons) 部件應(yīng)該以隨機(jī)順序評(píng)價(jià) Study should be blind 研究應(yīng)該是盲測 Categories need to be mutually exclusive and exhaustive 分類既不重復(fù)也不遺漏 Rating time should be similar to that “normally” used 評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)間也和正常使用相同 14 Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Attribute Guidelines For Kappa Studies (Cont’d) ? Analysis 分析 Review the repeatability portion first (Within Appraiser Kappa), if an Appraiser cannot agree with themselves, ignore parisons to other Appraisers and go understand why (see Improvement below) 先檢查重復(fù)性的部分 (評(píng)價(jià)者內(nèi)的 Kappa)，如果評(píng)價(jià)者自己不一致，忽略和其他評(píng)價(jià)者的比較，而要找出原因 (看下面的改進(jìn) ) For Appraisers that have acceptable repeatability, review the reproducibility portion (Between Appraiser) 如果重復(fù)性可接收，檢查再現(xiàn)性部分 (評(píng)價(jià)者之間 ) If a “Gold Standard” is available (ratings of the samples known by some other means as being “correct”), pare each Appraiser to them for “calibration” / 如果 ”標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ”已知 (已知的正確的等級(jí) )，通過比較每個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)者和已知值來校正 ? Use the field in MINITAB, “Known Standard Attribute” 用 MTB中 “Known Standard Attribute”一欄 ? Improvement 改進(jìn) If the Within Appraiser Kappa scores are low, that Appraiser may need training. Do they understand characteristic they are looking for? Are the instructio