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phism, 限制性片段長度多態(tài)性) ?PCR/SSO( sequence specific oligonucleotide, 序列特異的寡核苷酸) : PCR+oligo probe hybridization ?PCR/SSP( sequence specific primer, 序列特異引物) :特異、簡便 ?PCRSSCP( singlestrand conformation polymorphrism, 單鏈構(gòu)象多態(tài)性) ?Tetramer技術(shù): 十 . MHC的臨床應(yīng)用 ?器官移植排斥的預(yù)防和治療 ?MHC分子加抗原多肽 用 于抗原特異的 T細(xì)胞的表位分析 ,T細(xì)胞的直接分離與克隆 ,T 細(xì)胞功能檢測以及作為激活 T細(xì)胞的刺激物和進行原位染色等方面的研究 ?MHC基因轉(zhuǎn)染腫瘤細(xì)胞作為腫瘤疫苗治療腫瘤 ?親子鑒定及法醫(yī)學(xué) 思考題 ?MHC I類抗原和 II類抗原的呈遞過程。 ?MHC class II partment, M II C( MHC II類小室):一種富含 MHC II類分子的溶酶體樣細(xì)胞器 Schematic representation of MIICs. In professional APCs, both multivesicular (MVB) and multilamellar (MLB) MIICs have been described. The open/empty conformation of HLADR (red) has only been observed in the MLB type. HLADM (green) is expressed in both partments, albeit particularly abundant in MLB. The carboxy and amino terminals of invariant chains are still evident in MVBs whereas are mostly processed in MLBs. Electrondense bodies (EDBs) are lysosomallike MIICs, and have been observed in human monocytes and in GMCSF differentiated monocytes. Current Opinion in Immunology 2022, 18:64–69 ?Ii( Invariant chain): 非多態(tài)性的分子伴侶( Chaperone), 與 MHC II類抗原形成復(fù)合物,參與 MHC II類抗原的裝配和轉(zhuǎn)運。 ??與 MHC I類分子裝配成復(fù)合物。 ? 假設(shè) 兩個基因座 的 兩個等位基因 ,其頻率分別是 p1和 p2,若它們之間的重組是隨機的,其聯(lián)合的頻率,即單元型頻率 h是 p1Xp2,這樣的結(jié)果即為連鎖平衡。Aberrant39。Questionable39。在 群體 中占據(jù)某同源染色體 同一座位 的 兩個以上的 、 決定同一性狀 的基因 ?經(jīng)典的 MHC I類和 MHC II類基因是基因組中多態(tài)性最豐富的基因 ?某些 MHC III類基因也具有高度多態(tài)性,如Bf基因已檢出 20多種變異體 ?MHC多態(tài)性能防止快速進化的病原微生物針對宿主的攻擊,保護生物群體的生存。 ?2微球蛋白基因不在 MHC基因區(qū),人 ?2微球蛋白基因的位于 15號染色體;小鼠在 2號染色體。 人 HLA基因: 定位于 6號染色體; I類基因: B、 C、 A; II類基因: DP、 DQ、 DR亞區(qū),每個亞區(qū)由兩 個或兩個以上基因座組成,分別編碼分子量 相近的 α 鏈和 β 鏈 (二 ) HLA分子 HLA I類分子: ?鏈 和 ?2微球蛋白( ?2microglobin)組成 的 異源二聚體 ; ?鏈胞外有 3個結(jié)構(gòu)域 ?1, 2, 3, ?1, 2組成抗 原肽結(jié)合槽; 所有有核細(xì)胞表達。 ?復(fù)等位基因:位于一對同源染色體上對應(yīng)位置的一對基因稱為等位基因。 molecule only HLAA*32:11Q An allele which has a mutation that has previously been shown to have a significant effect on cell surface expression, but where this has not been confirmed and its expression remains 39。 but not on the cell surface. A: 39。 ?連鎖不平衡 子女與父母有一半 HLA相同 子妹間 1/4機率完全相同; 1/2機率一半 HLA相同 1 6 2 35 2 40 10 16 a b c d a c a d b c b d 1 6 2 40 1 6 10 16 2 35 2 40 2 35 10 16 ? MHC的共顯性表達 Mouse MHC 連鎖不平衡 ? 連鎖:處于同一條染色體上的基因遺傳時較多地聯(lián)系在一起的現(xiàn)象 ? 基因頻率:是指 群體 中攜帶某一等位基因的個體數(shù)目與攜帶該基因座位各等位基因個體數(shù)目總和的比例。 ??通過 TAP復(fù)合物轉(zhuǎn)運至內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)。 ??轉(zhuǎn)運至細(xì)胞膜 。50(2):3542. Classical major histopatibility plex class I molecules in motoneurons: new actors at the neuromuscular junction. J Neurosci. 2022 。 ?非典型 MHCII類分子 ?位于內(nèi)體 /溶酶體 ?HLADO: 低 多態(tài)性的 MHC樣蛋白質(zhì),雙體結(jié)構(gòu), 在 B細(xì)胞中與 HLADM形成復(fù)合物,參與 催化 CLIP分子與 MHC II類分子解離 Potential mechanisms of cross presentation of MHC I. (a) The vacuolar pathway. MHC class I molecules sample peptides that are generated in phagosomes in a TAPindependent manner. (b) Phagosometocytosoltophagosome pathway. Phagosomes acquire MHC class I, TAP, Sec61 and other ER molecules through fusion with the ER. Internalized antigen is exported (possibly by Sec61) to the cytosol, hydrolyzed by proteasomes and the resulting peptides are then reimported into phagosomes by TAP, where they bind MHC class I molecules. (c) Phagosometocytosol pathway. Antigen internalized into phagosomes is exported to the cytosol, hydrolyzed by proteasomes and the resulting peptides are then transported to MHC class I molecules in the ER by TAP. (d) GAP junction pathway. APCs acquire peptides from other cells through GAP junctions.(e) EndosometoER pathway. Antigen in endosomes is transported into the ER and then degraded in the cytosol by t