【正文】 a. two b. three c. four d. five (difficult) e. tenEssay QuestionsWHAT IS PLANNING?121. In a short essay, define planning and discuss the characteristics of formal versus informal planning as used in various organizations. AnswerPlanning involves defining the organization’s goals, establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals, and developing a prehensive set of plans to integrate and coo。t be developed for a static environment. c. Formal plans may replace intuition and creativity.d. Planning focuses mangers39。 shortterm c. operational。s stated objectives? a. They issue identical objectives to all constituents. b. Organizations typically have internal and external sets of objectives.c. They may issue different objectives to stockholders, customers, employees, and the public. (moderate) d. It is illegal to issue conflicting stated objectives. e. Stated objectives are usually in line with shortterm actions.51. ______________ are often conflicting and excessively influenced by what society believes organizations should do.a. Real goals.b. Committed goalsc. Stated goals (moderate)d. Comprehensive goalse. Expanded goals52. Which of the following statements depicts the reality concerning stated and real organizational objectives? a. They are usually identical. b. They both reflect the official purposes of the organization. c. They are often quite different from each other. (easy) d. Real objectives are based on what the audience wants to hear. e. Stated objectives can be understood by observing member actions.53. According to the text, those goals that an organization actually pursues are called ______________.a. Real goals. (moderate)b. Committed goalsc. Stated goals d. Comprehensive goalse. Expanded goals54. What should a person do to understand what are the real objectives of the organization? a. observe organizational member actions (moderate) b. attend a stockholders annual meeting c. read their statement of purpose d. read their annual report e. watch television news reports55. An organization that states, People are our most valuable asset, and then proceeds to lay off 20% of its work force, has revealed its ______________ objective. a. real (easy) b. imagined c. fictional d. human resource e. unplanned56. When we categorize plans as being strategic versus operational, we are describing them by their ______________. a. breadth. (moderate) b. specificity. c. frequency of use. d. depth. e. time frame.57. When we categorize plans as shortterm versus longterm we are referring to their _____________. a. breadth. b. specificity. c. frequency of use. d. depth. e. time frame. (easy)58. When we categorize plans as being directional versus specific, we are categorizing them by ______________. a. breadth. b. specificity. (easy) c. frequency of use. d. depth. e. time frame.59. When we categorize plans as being singleuse versus standing, we categorize them by ______________. a. breadth. b. specificity. c. frequency of use. (easy) d. depth. e. time frame.60. According to the text, ______________ can be described as long term, directional, and single use. a. operational b. longterm c. strategic (easy) d. specific e. directional61. Based on the information presented in the text, ______________ are short term, specific, and standing. a. operational (moderate) b. longterm c. strategic d. specific e. directional62. Plans that apply to the entire organization, establish the organization39。 cost37. Planning39。s top managers. True (moderate)26. Traditional goals set by top management tend to be specific and unambiguous. False (moderate)27. A topdown chain is an integrated network of objectives. False (easy)28. Management by Objectives (MBO) uses goals to control and motivate employees. True (moderate)29. Management by Objectives consists of four elements: loose goals, participative decisionmaking, an explicit time period, and performance feedback. False (difficult)30. In a typical MBO program, successful achievement of objectives is reinforced by performancebased rewards. True (difficult)Multiple ChoiceA MANAGER’S DILEMMA31. Which of the following best describes the challenge facing according to the pany profile in “A Manager’s Dilemma?”a. persuading investors to initially invest in the panyb. deciding which products to sell on the pany’s websitec. determining what to do to keep the business growing (moderate)d. persuading investors to invest additional funds in the pany32. According to the pany profile in “A Manager’s Dilemma,” which of the following describes the primary products of ?a. automobilesb. hightech productsc. books and videosd. hypo allergenic products (easy)WHAT IS PLANNING?33. ______________ is a process that involves defining the organization39。s real goals are, closely observe what members of the organization actually do. True (moderate)24. Real goals are official statements of what an organization says its goals are. False (easy)25. The traditional role of goals is to guide the control and direction imposed by an organization39。 waste e. mistakes。s options. (difficult) e. They have a positive effect in public institutions and a negative effect in private organizations.42. According to the text, organizations need at least _____________ of systematic formal planning before performance is impacted.a. oneb. twoc. threed. four (difficult)e. fiveHOW DO MANAGERS PLAN?43. _______________ is often called the primary management function because it establishes the basis for all the other functions that managers perform.a. Planning (moderate)b. Leadingc. Organizingd. Controllinge. Persuading44. Based on the information presented in