【正文】 ，減去什么”，不放在句首 10 表示“用”的in, with with表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音 11 as與like的區(qū)別 as意為“作為，以…地位或身份”，like為“象…一樣”，指情形相似 12 in與into區(qū)別 in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置六．動(dòng)詞I. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時(shí) 過去時(shí) 將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí) 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 進(jìn)行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完成進(jìn)行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/would have been asking2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。4. 一般將來時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：將來時(shí) 用法 例句 1 will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形 表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) My sister will be ten next year. 2 be going to+動(dòng)詞原形 含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事 It’s going to clear up.We’re going to have a party tonight. 3 be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來 go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4 be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語 I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close. 5 be to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. 6 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來 時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來 The meeting starts at five o’clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：常用被動(dòng)語態(tài) 構(gòu)成 常用被動(dòng)語態(tài) 構(gòu)成 1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are asked 6 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were being asked 2 一般過去時(shí) was/were asked 7 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has been asked 3 一般將來時(shí) shall/will be asked 8 過去完成時(shí) had been asked 4 過去將來時(shí) should/would be asked 9 將來完成時(shí) will/would have been asked 5 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are being asked 10 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的 can/must/may be asked注意事項(xiàng) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t語氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。其形式為：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語，多表明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as與which的區(qū)別：定語從句 區(qū)別 例句 限制性定語從句中 名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 非限制性定語從句中 as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。 條件狀語 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that 從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不可用將來時(shí)，常用一般時(shí)代替 目的狀語 so that, in order that, for fear that so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 結(jié)果狀語 so…that, such…that 比較狀語 than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more 方式狀語 as if, as though, as as if 和as though引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語氣。動(dòng)詞搭配1. add to增加，增進(jìn) add … to把…加進(jìn)…add up相加 add up to總計(jì)，所有這一切說明2. break away from打破，脫離，掙脫，改掉break down出毛病，身體(精神)衰弱，分解，拆開break off暫停，中斷break in強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入，插話 break into闖入break into pieces成為碎片break out爆發(fā)break up搗碎，驅(qū)散，瓦解，學(xué)期結(jié)束，拆散break through突破3. bring up撫養(yǎng)，嘔吐，提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出，出版 bring in引入，引進(jìn)，掙錢bring back使回想起bring down使下降，使倒下4. call on號(hào)召，拜訪（某人） call at拜訪、參觀（某地）call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要call up使回憶起, 征召入伍call in召集，請(qǐng)某人來call out大喊，高叫call off取消，不舉行5. e about發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)e down下跌，落，降，傳下來 e in進(jìn)來e into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) e on來臨/ 快點(diǎn) e out出版，結(jié)果是 e along一道來，趕快e to達(dá)到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)蘇醒，合計(jì)，總共是 e over走過來e up發(fā)芽，走近 e across偶然碰到 e back回想起e from來自，源自6. cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削減 cut off切斷，割掉，斷絕關(guān)系 cut up連根拔除，切碎 through剪斷，鑿穿cut out刪（?。┑簦涞?cut in插嘴 7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饑餓，寒冷，情感原因）die from死于（意外事故、情形）die away漸漸消逝die out絕種die down(爐火)漸熄die off逐一死去8. fall behind落后 fall over one39。狀語從句種類 連接詞 注意點(diǎn) 時(shí)間狀語 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 主句表示將來意義時(shí)，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；while引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的；until用在肯定句中主句動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的，而否定句中主句動(dòng)詞為短暫性的。2． 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時(shí)3． 先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)4． 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)5． 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)6． 句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí) told me everything that he knows. the books that you offered has been given out. is the best film that I have ever read. talked about the persons and things that we remembered. is the only man that I want to see. is the man that is making a speech? 只用which, who, whom的情況 1． 在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2． 在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 My dream is to bee a teacher.To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語時(shí)常用) 動(dòng)名詞 與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可以用it做形式主語，做表語時(shí)可以和主語互換位置。2. used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握。I have read that 。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。1. ’s所有格的構(gòu)成：?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her soninlaw’s photo, 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house 表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes 表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s2. ’s所有格的用法：１ 表示時(shí)間 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然現(xiàn)象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 3 表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 4 表示工作群體 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及價(jià)值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞 the life’s time, the play’s plot 7 某些固定詞組 a bir