英語語言學(xué)english-linguistic(存儲版)
【正文】 Sources of data 資料的來源 Collecting data 是研究的首要工作. 假如這語言學(xué)家不懂那門語言,他可以找一個 informant ( 為語言學(xué)調(diào)查提供資料的當(dāng)?shù)厝?Rules construction 語言描述的首要工作是 construct rules ( draw conclusion) 得出結(jié)論How does a linguist construct a rule?書本p15頁中4. The goal of linguistics 語言學(xué)的目的establish a model of a native speaker’s petence 建立一種本族語言的模式 literal model 具體模式 physical modelmodeltheoretical model 理論模式 conceptual model Eg. Which types does a model of the petence of a native speaker belong to? theoretical model / conceptual model 理論模式兩個特性explicitness 明確性 the rules of the langue the model contains are clearly defined 某一門語言的規(guī)則定義非常明確generative 生成性 use a finite set of rules to generate an infinite number of sentences 用有限的規(guī)則創(chuàng)造無限的句子四種研究的方向Phonological 音位知識Morphological 詞法知識Syntactic 句法知識Semantic 語義知識Phonological 音位知識 sound and sound patterns of his language 研究語音和語音模式Morphological 詞法知識 how a word is formed 如何構(gòu)詞的模式Syntactic 句法知識 whether a sentence is true or not 句子是否符合語法Semantic 語義知識 meaning of a language 語言的意義5. Subbranch of linguistics 語言學(xué)的分支Phonetics 語音學(xué)Study speech sound 研究語音的科學(xué)Phonology 音系學(xué)Study sound system 研究語音體系的科學(xué)Phoneme音素Morphology 形態(tài)學(xué)Word formation and the internal structure of work 構(gòu)詞法和詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)Morpheme詞素Syntax 句法How word are bined to form phrases 單詞如何構(gòu)成短語How phrases are bined by rules to form sentence 短語如何構(gòu)成句子PS rules T rulesSemantics 語義學(xué)The meaning of words and sentence單詞和短語的意義6. The father of modern linguistics—Saussure 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)之父 (瑞士人 e from Swiss)現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)開始于20世紀(jì),但是發(fā)展迅速,有兩大流派(two schools)Structure linguistics 結(jié)構(gòu)語言學(xué)Transformationalgenerative Grammar 轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法 TGgrammar為什么說Saussure是現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)的奠基人呢?1.’’ A Course in General Linguistics” is the first real essay on linguistic theory 普通語言學(xué)是第一本真正意義上的語言學(xué)專著.2. The distinctions between synchronic and diachronic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic, langue and parole. Show us a brief explanation of these basic and significant distinctions. 書中關(guān)于 共時研究和歷時研究, 橫向關(guān)系和縱向關(guān)系, langue 和parole的闡述很明了.4. A few theoretical distinctions introduced have bee foundations of linguistic study and exerted great influence on the latter development of linguistics.其中的一些理論成為語言學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)對后來的語言學(xué)發(fā)展影響很大.Chapter 2 phonetics 語音學(xué)定義 phonetics is known as the science
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