英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)english-linguistic-免費(fèi)閱讀
【正文】 Chapter 1 Introduction1. Linguistic and English LinguisticLinguistic 的目的 aims at developing a theorygeneral linguistic 一般語(yǔ)言學(xué)descriptive linguistic 描述性語(yǔ)言學(xué)general linguistic (一般語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) 為 descriptive linguistic (描述性語(yǔ)言學(xué)) 提供了framework(框架), 這也就是為什么 general linguistic 能夠被分析和被描述.General linguistic and descriptive linguistic are plementary to each other (相互補(bǔ)充).English linguistic is a kind of descriptive linguistics. nature of languages (語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)) 1. language is a system 2. language is symbolic 3. language is a system of vocal symbolsde Saussure 的理論 The system of language is called langue1. language is a system the speaker’s speech is called parole Chomsky的理論 Competence is the speakerhearer’s knowledge of his language Performance is the actual use of language in concrete situation 2. language is symbolic ( 語(yǔ)言是象征意義的)3. language is a system of vocal symbols ( 語(yǔ)言是一種聲音符號(hào)) 語(yǔ)言學(xué)側(cè)重研究的是 speech 不是 written form Reason 1. Biologically (生物上來(lái)講) 兒童學(xué)習(xí)說(shuō)比學(xué)習(xí)讀寫(xiě)早得多.2. Functionally (功能上來(lái)講) 日常生活中口語(yǔ)使用比書(shū)面語(yǔ)頻繁的多.3. Historically ( 歷史而言) 口頭語(yǔ)使用在書(shū)面語(yǔ)之前,當(dāng)今世界有許多語(yǔ)言并沒(méi)有 留 下 文 字 記錄 Language is arbitrary Language is creativeLanguage is doublestructuredLanguage is changeableLanguage is arbitrary a linguistic symbol is posed of two things speech sound( form)形式 and the idea( meaning) 意義 Language is creative Language is doublestructured grammaticallymeaningful and soundmeaningless 語(yǔ)法上的有意義,聲音上的無(wú)意義.Language is changeable What is the nature of human language? In a short , it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols The unique features like creativity(創(chuàng)造力)duality of structure (結(jié)構(gòu)的雙重性) changeability(易變性) method (科學(xué)方法) 1. collecting data ( 收集數(shù)據(jù)) a hypothesis (提出假設(shè)) the hypothesis (驗(yàn)證假設(shè)) conclusions (得出結(jié)論)An important principle of the scientific method Objectivity 客觀性 Three biases 三種偏見(jiàn)1. some languages are primitive and some languages are advanced有的語(yǔ)言是原始的有的語(yǔ)言是先進(jìn)的.2. only the standard variety is the pure form of a language只有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語(yǔ)體才是純正的語(yǔ)言3. change is not natural for living language and such a change is a sign of corruption and decay語(yǔ)言變化是不自然的變化,變化是衰敗的現(xiàn)象.
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