【正文】 商和技術(shù)問(wèn)題，包括生命周期成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 環(huán)境利益的選項(xiàng)都可以藉由一個(gè)三分規(guī)模從低到高。另一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)采集過(guò)程包括技術(shù)評(píng)估，生命周期成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)級(jí)別的設(shè)計(jì)的方案。因此成本范圍超過(guò)可接受的水平，給予負(fù)分。得分涉及兩個(gè)條件：易于實(shí)施和環(huán)境效益。因此，對(duì)于每個(gè)選項(xiàng)，最終排名需要考慮：與會(huì)者對(duì)研討會(huì)“便于實(shí)施”和“環(huán)境效益”意見(jiàn)。摘要在前人的研究基礎(chǔ)上，建立了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)估工具，一個(gè)名單中的66個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案生成，可以劃分為五個(gè)主要領(lǐng)域：1．氣候變化問(wèn)題2. 砍伐森林3. 生態(tài)效益4. 設(shè)計(jì)，規(guī)范和采購(gòu)準(zhǔn)則5. 目標(biāo)和指標(biāo)表4顯示了以字母順序完整的列表2. 扶持行動(dòng)（FSC）認(rèn)證的木材，水和廢物，目標(biāo)和時(shí)間表，以評(píng)估成功的措施，跟蹤選定的指標(biāo)來(lái)衡量改善一次的變化．在研討會(huì)上作出集團(tuán)決定一些管理人士一直參加研討會(huì)來(lái)表達(dá)他們對(duì)車(chē)間的設(shè)計(jì)方案的意見(jiàn)。選項(xiàng)??被歸類(lèi)為5到1個(gè)成本下降兩個(gè)額外資本開(kāi)支和持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)的39。十大選項(xiàng)已經(jīng)被改裝的零售商進(jìn)入他們的可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的選擇,因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為開(kāi)可行性和環(huán)境效益之間尋求最佳平衡點(diǎn)，得到了在成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。在這種情況下，研究最終排名中提出了一個(gè)非常不同的場(chǎng)景，排名前10位的設(shè)計(jì)方案不是簡(jiǎn)單的初始投資成本最便宜的。通過(guò)使用生命周期評(píng)估工具決策者意識(shí)到，將支付額外資本投資通過(guò)以下方式在其建筑長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)行階段節(jié)約能源成本或運(yùn)營(yíng)成本，他們也明白他們可以對(duì)環(huán)境中通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的采用可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)方案作出巨大貢獻(xiàn)。這僅僅是一個(gè)新的研究領(lǐng)域的初始階段，它是建議未來(lái)研究討論根據(jù)本研究對(duì)其他決策工具能適用。 bio fuels。 heat and power recovery。 reforestation。 the design of buildings should practically reduce the life cycle costs and improve the sustainability of the buildings. Life cycle assessment is the best tool to bine both the longterm environmental and the economical evaluations of building designs. Tukker [12] claimed that life cycle assessment is a generic environmental evaluation framework. It should be pointed out that life cycle assessment also includes economic and risk evaluations in analysis. The key economic analysis is life cycle costing, which is a technique to estimate the overall costs of design options during the economic life of the building. In order to pare the longterm economic performance of the design options, life cycle costing should be included in strategic designs because the economic concerns drives the decision makers may be sometimes more than the other concerns. There are many cost models that have been developed to estimate life cycle costs such as NHS hospital buildings [13], running cost for building element [14], and noise barrier wall selection [15].As a powerful environmental assessment tool, life cycle assessment has been widely used in many areas such as solar PV system [16], municipal solid waste management system [17] and chemicals [18].The advantages and disadvantages of those sustainable design tools are listed in Table 1. The life cycle assessment tool can evaluate unlimited sustainable design options and also include theTable 1 The advantages and disadvantages of some main sustainable assessment tools. Assessment tools Advantages Disadvantages BREEAM Covers a wide range of design aspects Serves the UK public nonmercial buildings. Limited sustainable design options Code for sustainable homes Higher standard requirements on energy efficiency.Request zero carbon for new houses on level 6 Limits to residential projects only. Limited sustainable design options LEEDs Covers various types of buildings Exclude waste management. Limited sustainable design options WRAP recycle content tool Building breaking down into ponents in order to select the high recycle content building materials for projects. Suitable for all types of buildings Focuses on only the recycle content aspect of sustainable design. Limited sustainable design options IPCC Includes new considerations such as industry, agriculture and forestry, etc. Just a general guidance for sustainable design. Limited sustainable design options Life cycle assessment tool Combines the longterm environmental and the economical evaluations. It can include as many design criteria and options as required into assessment process Requests a range of expertise and time consuming. 1416 N. Wang et al. / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 1415–1421 economical evaluation into the assessment. Although it appears great advantages but it is rarely used in practice because it is deemed as time consuming and requires a wide range of expertise such as engineers, quantity surveyors. A case study on a live project is necessary in order to test the effectiveness of the lifecycle assessment tool and the impact of the result on the decision makers in practice. The various design criteria are evaluated by different parties and should be integrated to a single measurement to rank the design options, therefore the multicriteria decision making tool should be introduced in the life cycle assessment. There are various multicriteria decision making tools. The directweighting method is good for unsophisticated decision making [19]. It is one of the best known and widely used traditional methods for multicriteria decisionmaking issues [19]. The principal assumption of direct weighting is that the criteria are preferentially independent。 use of forestry products for bioenergy to replace fossil fuel use.7. Wastedlandfill methane recovery。 improved rice cultivation techniques and livestock and manure management to reduce CH4 emissions。 more efficient electrical appliances and heating and cooling devices。 nuclear power。生命周期評(píng)估工具，迅速確定“十大”可以迅速集成和成本效益到目前的設(shè)計(jì)和施工過(guò)程零售商的旗艦店優(yōu)先選項(xiàng)。為了減少主體模型，靈敏度進(jìn)行了分析以檢驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ偷淖兓瘜?duì)結(jié)果因素影響，模型指標(biāo)權(quán)重的價(jià)值被分配不同的價(jià)值從改變5:1:1:1其他三個(gè)情景4:2:2:2，4:1:1:2和6:2:2:1，他們被要求驗(yàn)證結(jié)果，并重視一個(gè)從生命周期評(píng)估工具結(jié)果能力。估計(jì)也約“涂抹”反對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)零售商的品牌（或其他的負(fù)面宣傳）如果不采取行動(dòng)，成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)適用于每個(gè)選項(xiàng)。整體得分車(chē)間公式（1）計(jì)算后，因此的優(yōu)先次序工作的結(jié)果分別分析產(chǎn)生被排名的選項(xiàng)列表。3．一個(gè)零售商店周期評(píng)價(jià)案件．一代的可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)的購(gòu)物清單一個(gè)在上海的國(guó)際零售商的旗艦店被選為個(gè)案，運(yùn)用生命周期評(píng)價(jià)工具。因此，本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在多準(zhǔn)則重要加權(quán)被指定為決策工具的重要性為5，而其他技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行分配的重要性為1。使用計(jì)分優(yōu)勢(shì)系統(tǒng)是它顯著減少估計(jì)一個(gè)確切成本和仍然可以達(dá)到排名函數(shù)對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)方案的時(shí)間。工料測(cè)量師只能給每個(gè)選項(xiàng)成本范圍。(請(qǐng)勾選“作出適當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇從圖（1）基于矩陣的9個(gè)箱子中的一個(gè)都代表一個(gè)號(hào)碼，整體可行性得分選項(xiàng)可以被獲得了。一份調(diào)查問(wèn)卷根據(jù)等級(jí)選擇設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)車(chē)間來(lái)幫助零售商做優(yōu)先順序。根據(jù)該設(shè)計(jì)范圍和當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境，一些選項(xiàng),，沒(méi)有意義的，適用被忽略了為了創(chuàng)造一個(gè)購(gòu)物清單的具體的項(xiàng)目。為了測(cè)試發(fā)展過(guò)程及生命周期評(píng)價(jià)的含義在可持續(xù)的設(shè)計(jì)，作為一個(gè)案例，研究國(guó)際零售商在中國(guó)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展策略的旗艦店被選為應(yīng)用于此研究的對(duì)象。層次分析法(AHP)[22]被應(yīng)用在前人研究的結(jié)果上更加合適，當(dāng)一系列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和選擇方案是相互依存的?！　∮邢蘅沙掷m(xù)設(shè)計(jì)方案政府間氣候變化專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì)法包括新的因素,例如工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)　　和林業(yè)等只是一個(gè)一般性的指導(dǎo)，可持續(xù)發(fā)展的設(shè)計(jì)?！‰m然看起來(lái)極大的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但它是很少用于實(shí)踐，因?yàn)樗潜灰暈橘M(fèi)時(shí)，需要一個(gè)廣泛的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的如工程師、質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)員等來(lái)操作。應(yīng)該指出生命周期評(píng)價(jià)方法還包括經(jīng)濟(jì)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估分析。在當(dāng)前的產(chǎn)業(yè)環(huán)境等方面的應(yīng)用，在一個(gè)項(xiàng)目可持續(xù)發(fā)展的設(shè)計(jì)方案受風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資者的承受能力所限制，這對(duì)從業(yè)人員做最后的決定是至關(guān)重要的，因此可行性研究設(shè)計(jì)方案應(yīng)包括在決策的過(guò)程。4．工業(yè) 更有效率的最終用途電氣設(shè)備，熱電回收，材料循環(huán)，控制非二氧化碳?xì)怏w排放?！∷ㄐ碌慕ㄔO(shè)、現(xiàn)有的建筑，商業(yè)的內(nèi)部裝飾來(lái)使其具有親切感，核心殼、學(xué)校、零售、醫(yī)療保健、家庭和街道的發(fā)展?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展的建筑設(shè)計(jì)減少了在建筑物的整個(gè)生命周期中人為因素對(duì)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的影響。這個(gè)研究會(huì)在給從業(yè)人員提供教學(xué)機(jī)會(huì)方面做的很成功并取得了良好的反饋。一個(gè)生命周期評(píng)價(jià)法將在