【正文】 　?。?）規(guī)定各會(huì)員國(guó)匯率、資金移動(dòng)和其他外匯管制措施：會(huì)員國(guó)的國(guó)際收支，除非發(fā)生基本不均衡，否則不得任意調(diào)整其本國(guó)貨幣的平價(jià)?；鸬?條規(guī)定：會(huì)員國(guó)的貨幣的平價(jià)，概用黃金1盎司（英兩）等于35美元表示。雖然與金匯兌本位制頗接近，但基金的平價(jià)，是基金與會(huì)員國(guó)所決定，而金匯兌本位制則由黃金含量比率所決定。s quota in the IMF determines the amount of its subscription, its voting weight, its access to IMF financing, and its allocation of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). A member state cannot unilaterally increase its quota — increases must be approved by the Executive Board and are linked to formulas that include many variables such as the size of a country in the world economy. For example, in 2001, China was prevented from increasing its quota as high as it wished, ensuring it remained at the level of the smallest G7 economy (Canada).[5] In September 2005, the IMF39。ndez Ord243。s economic performances.[16] Overall the IMF success record is perceived as limited.[citation needed] While it was created to help stabilize the global economy, since 1980 critics claim over 100 countries (or reputedly most of the Fund39。 rights at the IMF until the 1992 elections. Rodrigo Rato became the ninth Managing Director of the IMF on June 7, 2004 and resigned his post at the end of October 2007. EU ministers agreed on the candidacy of Dominique StraussKahn as managing director of the IMF at the Economic and Financial Affairs Council meeting in Brussels on July 10, 2007. On September 28, 2007, the International Monetary Fund39。 by 1995, when Jamaica terminated that relationship, the Jamaican dollar had eroded to less than 2 cents US. Such observations lead to skepticism that IMF involve。s poorest countries known as the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative. By yearend 2006, 23 countries mostly in subSaharan Africa and Central America had received total relief of debts owed the IMF. In 2008, a study by analysts from Cambridge and Yale universities published on the openaccess Public Library of Science concluded that strict conditions on the international loans by the IMF resulted in thousands of deaths in Eastern Europe by tuberculosis as public health care had to be weakened. In the 21 countries which the IMF had given loans, tuberculosis deaths rose by %.[19] [編輯]Past managing directors Historically the IMF39。s maldesigned fiscal federalism, which caused subnational spending to increase rapidly.[14] The crisis added to widespread hatred of this institution in Argentina and other South American countries, with many blaming the IMF for the region39。ck130332 IndiaP. ChidambaramD. Subbarao41832 ItalyGiulio TremontiMario Draghi70805 JapanKoji OmiToshihiko Fukui133378 Korea, SouthOkyu KwonSeong Tae Lee29523 MexicoAgust237。s Articles of Agreement and to fulfil the obligations of IMF membership. Similarly, any member country can withdraw from the Fund, although that is rare. For example, in April 2007, the president of Ecuador, Rafael Correa announced the expulsion of the World Bank representative in the country. A few days later, at the end of April, Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez announced that the country would withdraw from the IMF and the World Bank. Chavez dubbed both organizations as “the tools of the empire” that “serve the interests of the North”. [4] As of April 2008, both countries remain as members of both organizations. Venezuela was forced to back down because a withdrawal would have triggered default clauses in the country39。若超過10％以上時(shí)，則須先經(jīng)基金同意才能調(diào)整。過去，我國(guó)在國(guó)際貨幣基金的資格由國(guó)民黨政府當(dāng)局代表，自從我國(guó)恢復(fù)聯(lián)合國(guó)合法席位后，于1980年4月國(guó)際貨幣基金通過取消臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局資格，恢復(fù)我國(guó)為會(huì)員國(guó)資格。但其用途限于短期性經(jīng)常收支的不均衡，各會(huì)員國(guó)可利用基金的資金，其最高限額為該國(guó)攤額的2倍，而在此限額內(nèi)1年僅能利用攤額的25％。 　?、谝蠼杩顕?guó)執(zhí)行緊縮的財(cái)政政策，就意味著國(guó)家要減少各種政府開支，如減少農(nóng)業(yè)補(bǔ)助、價(jià)格支持以及公共方面的計(jì)劃。但其附加的條件及貸款所帶來的負(fù)面效果，至今仍招致不少議論與批評(píng)。 　　此項(xiàng)貸款最高額為份額的50％，期限4～10年。該貸款于1986年3月設(shè)立，旨在幫助低收入發(fā)展中國(guó)家通過宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整，解決國(guó)際收支長(zhǎng)期失衡的問題。此項(xiàng)貸款現(xiàn)已結(jié)束。 　?、芫彌_庫存貸款(buffer stock financing facility)。 　?、鄢隹诓▌?dòng)補(bǔ)償貸款(pensatory financing facility或pensatory financing of export fluctuations)。 IMF的貸款分為以下幾種： 　?、倨胀ㄙJ款(normal credit tranches)。其過程是專家小組首先了解有關(guān)的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料，如貿(mào)易收支、物價(jià)水平、失業(yè)率、利率、貨幣供應(yīng)量等，然后與政府高層官員討論經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的效果及欲進(jìn)行的調(diào)整措施，預(yù)測(cè)國(guó)內(nèi)外經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的前景。IMF通過分析發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的國(guó)際收支和國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況，評(píng)估這些國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和匯率政策對(duì)維持世界經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的總體影響。因此，盡管包括美國(guó)在內(nèi)的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在IMF擴(kuò)資后所認(rèn)繳的份額有所下降，但其影響力并未削弱，可以說，IMF實(shí)際上為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家尤其美國(guó)所控制。份額按規(guī)定每5年左右進(jìn)行一次調(diào)整與擴(kuò)大，迄今已達(dá)9次。總裁負(fù)責(zé)管理IMF的日常事務(wù)，由執(zhí)行董事會(huì)推選，并兼任執(zhí)行董事會(huì)主席，任期5年。選派董事由其他成員國(guó)按選區(qū)輪流選派。 　　(board of governors) 　　理事會(huì)是IMF的最高決策機(jī)構(gòu)，由各成員國(guó)各派一名理事、一名副理事組成，任期5年。此外，每10萬美元攤額可增一票表決權(quán)。至于經(jīng)常處理基金會(huì)業(yè)務(wù)者，則為執(zhí)行董事會(huì)，其名額現(xiàn)為20名。其宗旨是促進(jìn)成員國(guó)在國(guó)際貨幣問題上的磋商與協(xié)作；促進(jìn)匯率的穩(wěn)定和有秩序的匯率安排，從而避免競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的匯率貶值；為經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目收支建立一個(gè)多邊支付和匯兌制度，消除外匯管制；提供資金融通，緩解國(guó)際收支不平衡；促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)和實(shí)際收入水平的提高及生產(chǎn)能力的擴(kuò)大。到2007年1月18日為止，基金組織成員國(guó)已達(dá)185個(gè)國(guó)家(黑山共和國(guó)(Montenegro)于2007年1月18日加入，成為第185位成員國(guó))。理事會(huì)每年在9月至10月間召開一次。每一會(huì)員國(guó)各具有250票基本表決權(quán)。 [編輯]國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的結(jié)構(gòu)[1] 　　iMF的組織結(jié)構(gòu)由理事會(huì)、執(zhí)行董事會(huì)、總裁和常設(shè)職能部門等組成。指定董事由持有基金份額最多的5 個(gè)成員國(guó)即美、英、德、法、日各派一名，中國(guó)與沙特阿拉伯各派一名。 　　(managing director) 　　總裁是IMF的最高行政長(zhǎng)官，其下設(shè)副總裁協(xié)助工作。IMF以份額作為其資金的基本來源，并用于對(duì)成員國(guó)的資金融通。目前，從總體上看，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家認(rèn)繳的份額最多，截至1992年底，僅美、德、日、法、英5國(guó)，％，％。這種監(jiān)督有兩種形式： 　　(1)在多邊基礎(chǔ)上的監(jiān)督。這種磋商在IMF專家小組與成員國(guó)政府官員之間進(jìn)行。80年代后，除了1979年設(shè)立補(bǔ)充貸款外，從1981年起，不但著手制定并推行擴(kuò)張信貸政策，擴(kuò)大補(bǔ)償貸款的范圍，而且改進(jìn)貸款條件，新增“儲(chǔ)備份額”貸款(不必購(gòu)回)優(yōu)惠，將成員國(guó)借債限額擴(kuò)大到該成員國(guó)份額的200％等。其最高貸款額度為借款成員國(guó)份額的140％，備用期3年，提款后第4年開始償還，10年內(nèi)還清。該貸款最高限額為份額的95％，如果成員國(guó)僅具備申請(qǐng)補(bǔ)償性融資的條件，則最高限度為份額的65％，僅具備申請(qǐng)應(yīng)急融資的條件，則最高貸款額為份額的30％。低收入發(fā)展中國(guó)家的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：1973年人均國(guó)民收入不足300特別提款權(quán)單位。 　?、嘟Y(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整貸款(structural adjustment facility)。該貸款于1993年4月設(shè)立，主要目的是為了幫助前蘇聯(lián)和東歐國(guó)家克服從計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變過程中出現(xiàn)的國(guó)際收支困難，包括： 　　第一，由計(jì)劃價(jià)格向市場(chǎng)價(jià)格轉(zhuǎn)變引起的收支困難； 　　第二，由雙邊貿(mào)易向多邊貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)化引起的收支困難； 　　第三，由游離于國(guó)際貨幣體系之外到融入該體系之內(nèi)引起的收支困難。IMF通過發(fā)放各類貸款，對(duì)成員國(guó)克服國(guó)際收支出現(xiàn)的困難及穩(wěn)定匯率等方面，無疑有積極的一面。這是因?yàn)椋?　　①要求借款國(guó)緊縮貨幣政策以降低通脹率，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)的低速增長(zhǎng)甚至是負(fù)增長(zhǎng)，同樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致較高的短期成本。 [編輯]基金的功能 　?。?）外匯資金的融通：會(huì)員國(guó)家在國(guó)際收支困難時(shí)，可以向基金申請(qǐng)貸給外匯資金。1959年基金增資時(shí)，由于種種原因，我國(guó)攤額并未增加，因此不能列入攤額最大的5國(guó)之內(nèi)，1961年單獨(dú)任命執(zhí)行董事的資格為西德取代。若整幅度在平價(jià)的10％以內(nèi)時(shí)，會(huì)員國(guó)得自行調(diào)整后，由基金予以追認(rèn)。s Executive Board. After its consideration, the Executive Board will submit a report to the Board of Governors of the IMF with remendations in the form of a Membership Resolution. These remendations cover the amount of quota in the IMF, the form of payment of the subscription, and other customary terms and conditions of membership. After the Board of Governors has adopted the Membership Resolution, t