【正文】 is on the hormonal determinants of male and female reproductive behaviors, including sexual behavior, parental behavior, and social bonding. The behavioral effects of reproductive and adrenal hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and oxytocin are under investigation. Physiological and behavioral processes are studied in the context of constraints, such as social organization, stress, and the animal39。s eastern shore. This marked the beginning of the longest continuous field study of animals in their natural habitat. Five years later, she earned a . in Ethology at Cambridge University and returned to Tanzania to establish the Gombe Stream Research Centre.After more than thirtyfive consecutive years of research, Dr. Goodall and her team continue to contribute significant findings on chimpanzee behavior and ecology. Her methodology and profound scientific discoveries revolutionized the field of primatology. For instance, Dr. Goodall distinguished between individual chimpanzee personalities, giving them names instead of numbers. She also chronicled chimpanzees making and using tools, a skill once believed exclusive to humans. To provide ongoing support for chimpanzee research, Dr. Goodall founded The Jane Goodall Institute in 1977. 7. Joyce Poole: (.) animal behaviorist who has devoted her life to the study of the African elephant for more than 20 years in spite of adversity and tragedy. An American raised in Kenya, Poole is versed in several cultures: American, Masai, and elephant. Her Americanism is obvious in her independence and ambition。在以鬣蜥為研究對象的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，他發(fā)現(xiàn)這種動物表現(xiàn)出哺乳動物快樂時的生理變化——體溫升高和心跳加快——但是青蛙和魚卻沒有類似的變化。 20．貝科夫和他的同事認(rèn)為可能還不止如此。但是他仍然認(rèn)為，露脊鯨之所以會有這種行為表現(xiàn)也有可能是因?yàn)椤八鼈兿嗷ブg‘情投意合’”。為了研究催產(chǎn)素對社會依附關(guān)系的作用，馬里蘭大學(xué)神經(jīng)科學(xué)家C西維發(fā)現(xiàn)，老鼠在玩耍的時候，它的大腦會釋放出大量的多巴胺——人類的快樂和興奮等情感就與這種神經(jīng)化學(xué)物質(zhì)有關(guān)。在另一方面，扁桃體遭到破壞的實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠在遇到危險時，既不會表現(xiàn)出正常的行為反應(yīng)（比如呆住或者逃跑），也不會出現(xiàn)與恐懼聯(lián)系在一起的生理變化——如心跳加快和血壓升高。研究這些龐然大物的科學(xué)家的報告中有大量的事實(shí)陳述了大象試圖使死去的或?qū)⒁廊サ募彝コ蓡T復(fù)活，還會很多天靜靜地站在尸體旁，不時地伸出長鼻觸動一下尸體。它每次跨躍都要跳起來并在半空扭動著軀體。養(yǎng)過會發(fā)出咕嚕聲的小貓，或者受到過邊跳邊叫、搖著尾巴的小狗歡迎的人，就知道動物看起來常常十分快樂。潘克塞普說：“想象一下，如果我們沒有推測出原子中的物質(zhì)，那我們的物理學(xué)會是什么樣的。，除了這些具有本能性質(zhì)的情感及其可以預(yù)見的行為反應(yīng)之外，科學(xué)家很難證明動物可能擁有更為復(fù)雜的情感，即那些必需有心理活動過程的情感。研究人員之所以會表示懷疑，部分原因是他們出于職業(yè)習(xí)慣討厭擬人論，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這是一種將人類的特性強(qiáng)加在非人類生物身上的毫無科學(xué)根據(jù)的主觀傾向。？墜入情網(wǎng)的海洋巨獸？很多人，由于深受迪斯尼卡通片中感性多情的動物形象的影響，會說這兩個真實(shí)的故事更加證實(shí)了他們認(rèn)為動物有人類般強(qiáng)烈情感的看法?？茖W(xué)家說寵物和野生動物也有情感。Unit 9Animal EmotionsLaura TangleySheer joy. Romantic love. The pain of mourning. Scientists say pets and wild creatures have feelings, too. 1. Swimming off the coast of Argentina, a female right whale singles out just one of the suitors that are hotly pursuing her. After mating, the two cetaceans linger side by side, stroking one another with their flippers and finally rolling together in what looks like an embrace. The whales then depart, flippers touching, and swim slowly side by side, diving and surfacing in perfect unison until they disappear from sight. 2. In Tanzania, primatologists studying chimpanzee behavior recorded the death of Flo, a troop’s 50yearold matriarch. Throughout the following day, Flo’s son, Flint, sits beside his mother’s lifeless body, occasionally taking her hand and whimpering. Over the next few weeks, Flint grows increasingly listless, withdrawing from the troop — despite his siblings’ efforts to bring him back–and refusing food. Three weeks after Flo’s death, the formerly healthy young chimp is dead, too. griefstricken chimpanzee? Leviathans in love? Most people, raised on Disney versions of sentient and passionate beasts, would say that these tales, both true, simply confirm their suspicions that animals can feel intense, humanlike emotions. For their part, the nation’s 61 million pet owners need no convincing at all that pet dogs and cats can feel angry, morose, elated — even jealous or embarrassed. Recent studies, in fields as distant as ethology and neurobiology, are supporting this popular belief. Other evidence is merely anecdotal, especially for pets — dogs that bee depressed, or even die, after losing a beloved panion, for instance. But the anecdote — or case study in scientific parlance — has now achieved some respectability among researchers who study animal behavior. As University of Colorado biologist Marc Bekoff says, “The plural of anecdote is data.” , the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers’ skepticism is fueled in part by their professional aversion to anthropomorphism, the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to nonhumans. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methods — repeatable observations that can be manipulated in controlled experiments — leading them to conclude that such feelings must not exist. Today, however, amid mounting evidence to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement. the most strident skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experience fear — which some scientists define as a “primary” emotion that contrasts with “secondary” emotions such as love and grief. Unlike these more plex feelings, fear is instinctive, they say, and requires no conscious thought. Essential to escape predators and other dangers, fear — and its predictable flight, fight, or freeze responses — seems to be hardwired into many species. Young geese that have never before seen a predator, for example, will run for cover if a hawkshaped silhouette passes overhead. The shape of a nonpredatory bird, on the other hand, elicits no such response. beyond such instinctual emotions and their predictable behavioral responses, the possibility of more plex animal feelings — those that entail mental processing — is difficult to demonstrate. “I can’t even prove that another human being is feeling happy or sad,” says Bekoff, “but I can deduce how they’re feeling through body language and facial expression.” As a scientist who has conducted field studies of coyotes, foxes,