【正文】 外矛盾和爭(zhēng)端。資本主義國(guó)家壟斷資本為了獨(dú)占市場(chǎng)、擴(kuò)大國(guó)外市場(chǎng)，經(jīng)常在貿(mào)易上進(jìn)行劇烈斗爭(zhēng)。傾銷由三個(gè)要素構(gòu)成，這三個(gè)要素即是：①產(chǎn)品以低于正常價(jià)值或公平價(jià)值銷售；②這種低價(jià)銷售行為給進(jìn)口國(guó)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)造成產(chǎn)業(yè)損害，這里的產(chǎn)業(yè)損害包括實(shí)質(zhì)性損害、實(shí)質(zhì)性產(chǎn)業(yè)損害威脅和實(shí)質(zhì)性阻礙；③產(chǎn)業(yè)損害和低價(jià)銷售之間存在因果關(guān)系。隨著國(guó)際貿(mào)易的擴(kuò)大和國(guó)際間經(jīng)濟(jì)交往的日益頻繁，反傾銷案件數(shù)量大幅增加。鋼鐵、化工、紡織品是各國(guó)，特別是各大國(guó)都擁有的產(chǎn)業(yè)，是發(fā)展中國(guó)家實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)，其中某些產(chǎn)業(yè)在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已經(jīng)成為結(jié)構(gòu)失衡、調(diào)整難度大的夕陽工業(yè)，是國(guó)際貿(mào)易矛盾突出的領(lǐng)域。TBT 的表現(xiàn)形式十分廣泛，既涉及國(guó)際或區(qū)域性協(xié)議、國(guó)家法律、法令、規(guī)定、要求、指南、準(zhǔn)則、程序等強(qiáng)制性措施，也包括非政府組織等制定的自愿性規(guī)則。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的深入，新的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不斷涌現(xiàn)，并被采用于新的技術(shù)法規(guī)。這些措施包括采取暫停關(guān)稅減讓或中止其他義務(wù)的形式，可以采取包括進(jìn)口數(shù)量限制或提高關(guān)稅稅率超過約束水平等措施。根據(jù)《補(bǔ)貼與反補(bǔ)貼措施協(xié)議》，補(bǔ)貼是指一成員方政府或任何公共機(jī)構(gòu)向一個(gè)企業(yè)或產(chǎn)業(yè)，或一組企業(yè)或產(chǎn)業(yè)提供的財(cái)政捐助以及對(duì)價(jià)格或收入的支持，以直接或間接增加從其領(lǐng)土輸出某種產(chǎn)品或者減少向其領(lǐng)土內(nèi)輸入某種產(chǎn)品，或者對(duì)其他成員方利益形成損害的政府性措施。（3）案件最主要發(fā)生在發(fā)達(dá)成員與發(fā)展中成員之間。 國(guó)際貿(mào)易摩擦競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈20 世紀(jì)80 年代以來被卷入國(guó)際貿(mào)易摩擦的國(guó)家越來越多。這一點(diǎn)在美日國(guó)際貿(mào)易摩擦中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出。 誰能更好的運(yùn)用知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán), 誰就能獲得更多的利益。這些產(chǎn)品包括床單、咖啡加工器、羊絨衫、路易維登牌手袋、沐浴用品、吊燈、奶酪、火腿和餅干等。在20世紀(jì)90年代以前，貿(mào)易摩擦主要集中在紡織品、輕工產(chǎn)品，入世以來，貿(mào)易摩擦領(lǐng)域迅速擴(kuò)大到機(jī)電、醫(yī)療保健品、化工產(chǎn)品、微電子產(chǎn)品、食品土畜產(chǎn)品等，其中輕工產(chǎn)品、化工產(chǎn)品、機(jī)電產(chǎn)品是遭遇貿(mào)易摩擦最頻繁的領(lǐng)域。根據(jù)歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn), 歷史上自由貿(mào)易政策總是由時(shí)代的最強(qiáng)國(guó)所推行。 發(fā)展中國(guó)家因?yàn)椴桓适苤朴诎l(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家為維護(hù)自身利益而與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家摩擦。在成立 WTO 以前, 只管轄貨物貿(mào)易, 多邊回合也往往只是就貨物貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域的有關(guān)問題進(jìn)行談判。各國(guó)普遍認(rèn)識(shí)到, 是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)而不是比較優(yōu)勢(shì)才能使自己獲取參與國(guó)際分工的利益。國(guó)家在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)政策、研究與開發(fā)政策、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和檢驗(yàn)程序以及現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的許多規(guī)定上的分歧是又一原因。該監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警機(jī)制應(yīng)力求：管理手段先進(jìn)，信息渠道廣泛，資料傳遞迅速，調(diào)查 研究 充分，立案反應(yīng)及時(shí)。通過對(duì)市場(chǎng)需求的開發(fā)，以國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)為依托，取得國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的局部競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，逐步過渡升級(jí)到國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，是我國(guó)企業(yè)走向國(guó)際舞臺(tái)的必由之路。 積極面對(duì)各國(guó)反傾銷 掌握市場(chǎng)規(guī)則促使企業(yè)積極應(yīng)訴例如，我國(guó)對(duì)俄貿(mào)易曾因出口秩序混亂而喪失了巨大的潛在商機(jī)，這一情況又在一些發(fā)展中大國(guó)重演。即使是法律和程序相對(duì)不規(guī)范的發(fā)展中國(guó)家發(fā)起的反傾銷調(diào)查，經(jīng)過積極辯訴，結(jié)合我國(guó)政府的適時(shí)出面支持，仍然存在勝訴的可能。首先我要感謝我的指導(dǎo)老師許全勝教授，在我寫作論文期間，自始自終都是由許全勝教授全面、具體的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的。感謝我的同學(xué)李佳鑫、王巍巍，在論文的寫作過程中，我們有著很默契的合作，他們給了我很多幫助，在繁忙中擠出時(shí)間幫助我解決困難。s rising status in international trade and export petitiveness is continuing to gradually strengthen trade friction encountered, especially with the economic crisis followed by the rise of protectionism in international trade more exports to China pose serious challenges. Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Research Center of International Economic and Trade Xiao Yao Fei, deputy director pointed out that the current international trade friction with the number of high, from the traditional markets spread to emerging markets, antidumping, safeguard measures, technical barriers to international trade friction and other characteristics of the new trends . Related to the country39。1995年至今，世貿(mào)組織爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)共立案275起。廣東外語外貿(mào)大學(xué)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易研究中心副主任肖鷂飛指出，當(dāng)前國(guó)際貿(mào)易摩擦具有數(shù)量居高不下，從傳統(tǒng)市場(chǎng)擴(kuò)散到新興市場(chǎng)，反傾銷、保障措施、技術(shù)性壁壘等成為國(guó)際貿(mào)易摩擦新動(dòng)向等特點(diǎn)。廣東省社會(huì)科學(xué)院教授黎友煥指出，更多的國(guó)家將以產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、食品安全為借口，以偏概全、夸大事實(shí)，對(duì)我出口產(chǎn)品采取限制措施，技術(shù)性貿(mào)易措施、衛(wèi)生和植物衛(wèi)生措施成為影響我產(chǎn)品出口的主要障礙，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)、企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任等方面的貿(mào)易壁壘不斷增加?！　×硗?，我國(guó)和一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間的貿(mào)易摩擦可能加劇。　　再次，新興優(yōu)勢(shì)行業(yè)，如鋼鐵、汽車、通信設(shè)備、化工產(chǎn)品將成為我國(guó)與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家貿(mào)易摩擦的新熱點(diǎn)。隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的襲擊，國(guó)際貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義將進(jìn)一步抬頭，2009年我國(guó)將面臨更多貿(mào)易摩擦，并可能呈現(xiàn)出一些新特點(diǎn)。由于世界經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退帶來的嚴(yán)重沖擊仍將持續(xù)，保護(hù)主義伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)而來，業(yè)內(nèi)專家預(yù)測(cè)，2009年我國(guó)出口產(chǎn)品將遭遇更多貿(mào)易摩擦，且貿(mào)易摩擦將呈現(xiàn)日趨多樣化、綜合化和隱蔽化等特點(diǎn)，這對(duì)政府和企業(yè)都是新的挑戰(zhàn)。s countervailing evidence, and induce a more antisubsidy investigations. From industry, iron and steel, textiles, machinery, shipbuilding and so on is a hotsubsidy. Third, the emerging edge industries such as steel, automobiles, munications equipment, chemical products in China and developed countries will bee the new hot spot for trade friction. Developed countries involved in trade disputes in these industries more vulnerable to trade protection in order to safeguard the world economy in the dominant position. In addition, between China and some developing countries may intensify trade friction. Some Eastern European, Latin American countries and China are both developing countries, the same economic structure, a manufacturingbased, and therefore in the economic structure of China39。s total antidumping investigations initiated since 2120, and protective measures from the case of 246. So far in 1995, the WTO dispute settlement body from a total of 275 case. Involving global trade friction between Japan and the United States have car war and in March 2002 to implement part of the . steel products caused by security measures such as the global steel trade. Areas of trade friction and expanding the scope of the product, the economic friction from individual productdumping and antidumping friction stage, and gradually to more trade friction and structural industry trade friction trade relief mechanism with the expanding role of global trade liberalization the acceleration of the process, high tariffs and quota management and other traditional means of trade gradually weakened by the antidumping, countervailing, safeguard measures and other means of trade relief posed mechanism is gradually in the settlement of international trade friction is playing an increasingly important role in and bee member countries to maintain economic security industry to protect their legitimate rights and interests of legitimate business and an effective weapon. In particular the WTO dispute settlement mechanism to safeguard the national interests of developing countries provide a strong protection. For example, WTO dispute settlement after the establishment of the first case of Venezuela is sued the United Stat