【正文】 Leaf springs are usually arched so that the ends are higher than the center when viewed from the side.The leaf spring is usually mounted in three places. A bushing is installed in each of the spring eyes. A bolt through the bushing in the rear spring eye attaches the rear of the spring directly to the vehicle frame. A shackle assembly is attached to the front spring eye and bushing and is then mounted through a shackle bushing to the frame. The shackle assembly allows the leaf spring to pivot up and down. A pair of Ubolts and a tie plate are used to clamp the front or rear axle assembly to the leaf spring.The main advantage of leaf springs is their ability to control vehicle sway and lateral movement. For these reasons, leaf springs are often used on the rear suspension of rear drive vehicles.Many latemodel luxury cars use air springs. The spring is essentially a rubber bag or bladder full of air. A piston is attached to the lower control arm. Movement of the lower control arm causes the piston to move into the air bladder and press the air in the bladder. Air pressure is used to regulate how easy or hard the bladder can be pressed. The air bladder is usually connected to an air pressor, which regulates the action of the air spring based on road conditions.All suspension systems use a shock absorber at each wheel. When the coil, torsion bar, leaf spring, or air spring is deflected, it can oscillate (bounce up and down) uncontrollably, possibly causing the tires to lose contact with the road. This could cause the car to bounce up and down without any control. To prevent this from happening, shock absorbers are used, not to absorb shocks, but to control spring rate and dampen spring shock absorber is a hydraulic device. One end of the shock absorber is attached to a wheel assembly and the other end is attached to the vehicle frame. Shock absorber movement is limited by forcing fluid inside the shock absorber through 附 錄 Ⅱ：中文翻譯汽車懸架系統(tǒng)概述在影響汽車性能的眾多方面中，懸架起著十分重要的作用。當(dāng)車輪在平坦的路面上行駛時，彈簧力使得控制臂和車輪回歸原來的位置。這個十字軸依次與車架脫離。球窩接頭的末端是通過一個形狀類似房子的叫插座的東西支持著。螺旋彈簧普遍應(yīng)用在長短臂懸架系統(tǒng)中。螺旋彈簧的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：緊密度好，沒有可移動部件，重量分配合理等。搖臂桿與車架橫構(gòu)件之間采用橡膠襯套以便降低噪聲和衰減振動。因為它純粹是由一根圓形彈簧鋼變成螺旋線圈形狀的。這種類型的連接，當(dāng)車輪來回轉(zhuǎn)動時還可以左右運(yùn)動。這控制臂有時叫做A型控制臂因為從上面看起來其形狀像字母A。當(dāng)車輪通過凸起的路面時，控制臂向上運(yùn)動壓縮彈簧。附 錄Ⅰ：外文資料Automotive Suspension System OverviewThe impact of the Vehicle in many aspects, Suspension plays a very important role . The ponents of the suspension system perform six basic functions: correct vehicle ride height.2. Reduce the effect of shock forces.3. Maintain correct wheel alignment.4. Support vehicle weight.5. Keep the tires in contact with the road.6. Control the vehicle’s direction of travel.Most suspension systems have the same basic parts and operate basically in the same way. They differ, however, in the way the parts are arranged. The vehicle wheel is attached to a steering knuckle. The steering knuckle is attached to the vehicle frame by two control arms, which are mounted so they can pivot up and down. A coil spring is mounted between the lower control arm and the frame.When the wheel rolls over a bump, the control arms move up and press the spring. When the wheel rolls into a dip, the control arms move down and the springs expand. The spring force brings the control arms and the wheel back into the normal position as soon as the wheel is on flat pavement. The idea is to allow the wheel to move up and down while the frame, body, and passengers stay smooth and level. The unequal length control arm or short, long arm (SLA) suspension system has been mon on American vehicles for many years. Because each wheel is independently connected to the frame by a steering knuckle, ball joint assemblies, and upper and lower control arms, the system is often described as an independent suspension. The short, long arm suspension system gets its name from the use of two control arms from the frame to the steering knuckle and wheel assembly. The two control arms are of unequal length with a long control arm on the bottom and a short control arm on the top. The control arms are sometimes called A arms because in the top view they are shaped like the letter A. In the short, long arm suspension system, the upper control arm is attached to a cross shaft through two bination rubber and metal bushings. The cross shaft, in turn, is bolted to the frame. A ball joint, called the upper ball joint, is attached to the outer end of the upper arm and connects to the steering knuckle through a tapered stud held in position with a nut. The inner ends of the lower control arm have pressedin bushings. Bolts, passing through the bushings, attach the arm to the frame. The lower ball joint is usually pressed into the control arm and connects to the steering knuckle through a tapered stud that is held in position with a nut. A ball joint is used on the control arms because it allows movement in more than one direction. It allows the upanddown motion required as the wheels pass over dips and bumps. This type of joint also allows sidetoside motion as the wheels are turned back and forth for turns.For the upper and lower ball joint, the ball stud in the ball joint is a tapered stud at one end with a ballshaped end. The ball end is supported in a similarly shaped housing called a socket. The shape of the housing allows the ball stud to turn around or move side to side. A plastic or sintered iron bearing is positioned between the ball and socket .The bearing allows the ball stud to turn in relation to the housing for steering. The tapered stud and nut hold the ball joint in position in the steering knuckle.There are four basic types of springs used in suspensions: coil, torsion bar, leaf spring, and air spring. The coil spring is the most popular type of spring in both front and rear suspension systems. It is simply a round bar of spring steel that is wound into the shape of a coil. Usually, the top and bottom coils are closer together tha