【正文】
淋洗效率一般都有明顯的提高。 討 論 化學(xué)淋洗技術(shù)修復(fù)土壤的優(yōu)缺點 ?高效的多元復(fù)配淋洗劑的開發(fā)和淋洗劑之間協(xié)同作用機理 ?淋洗劑對土壤和水環(huán)境的破壞和污染問題 ?廢液的處理問題 ?實驗室研究到工程應(yīng)用 ?新技術(shù)的開發(fā) 實例一 重金屬污染土壤化學(xué)萃取修復(fù)技術(shù)影響因素分析 ? 實驗土樣 : 原樣分別取自湖南省永州鉛鋅銅礦和衡陽車江銅礦選礦尾砂污染帶 . ? 取回的土樣避光風(fēng)干后 ,去除雜物 ,碾碎 ,過 100目尼龍篩 ,混均裝瓶 . ? 另外分別取 125g風(fēng)干的兩土壤原樣各 3份于 500mL的錐形瓶中 ,分別加入 , ,加入蒸餾水浸沒土樣 ,在振蕩器上振蕩 1h后 ,取出靜置一周后倒出風(fēng)干 ,與前面相同制成樣品裝瓶 ,分別標(biāo)記為YZ1,YZ2,YZ3,CJ1,CJ2和 CJ3備用 . 以 4種試劑作為萃取劑 ? EDTA ? (OA) ? (CA) ? +(CAR) 化學(xué)萃取實驗稱取 8個土樣放入250mL高密度聚乙烯瓶中 ,分別加入 EDTA,OA,CA和 CAR后 ,放在振蕩器上不間斷地振蕩 蕩完畢后 ,把每個試樣中的液體部分用高速離心器在15000r/min的轉(zhuǎn)速下每個試樣離心分離 30min,取分離的上清液 ,用原子吸收分光光度法 (AAS)測量重金屬Pb,Cd,Cu和 Zn含量 . 計算每克土中各重金屬的被萃出量 ,與土樣中該重金屬的全量比較 ,計算出各重金屬的萃取效率 . Case 2 Acid washing and stabilization of an artificial arseniccontaminated soil Materials and methods Soil sample ? soil was collected from horizon A of a forest land in Ibaraki, Japan. ? The chemical position was % SiO2, % TiO2, % Al2O3, % Fe2O3, % MnO, % MgO, % CaO, % Na2O, % K2O, % P2O5, % H2O, and % anic carbon. ? The total arsenic content of the soil was found to be mmol/kg, or 2830 mg/kg. Results and discussion ? 1. Acid washing ? Fig. 1. Extraction of arsenic from artificially contaminated soil by various mon acids as a function of acid concentration. ? 2. Kiic study Fig. 2. Kiics of arsenic extraction and dissolution of soil ponents for washing with % phosphoric acid. ? Fig. 3. Kiics of arsenic extraction and dissolution of soil ponents for washing with 11% H2SO4. 二 化學(xué)固定 化學(xué)固定是在土壤中加入化學(xué)試劑或化學(xué)材料,并利用它們與重金屬之間形成不溶性或移動性差、毒性小的物質(zhì)而降低其在土壤中的生物有效性,減少其向水體和植物及其它環(huán)境單元的遷移,實現(xiàn)污染土壤的化學(xué)修復(fù)方法 。 ? 固定劑的使用將在一定程度上改變土壤結(jié)構(gòu),同時對土壤微生物也可能產(chǎn)生一定影響 . ? 進一步發(fā)展穩(wěn)定性好,對土壤結(jié)構(gòu)影響小的固定劑將是十分重要的 ? 原位化學(xué)氧化修復(fù)技術(shù) ( insitu chemical oxidation)主要是通過摻進土壤中的化學(xué)氧化劑與污染物所產(chǎn)生的氧化反應(yīng),達到使污染物降解或轉(zhuǎn)化為低毒、低移動性產(chǎn)物的一項污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)。 1. In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using KMnO4 is cheaper than the baseline pump and treat technology for certain applications, because the time of remediation can be significantly reduced by targeting treatment of zone. In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using KMnO4 can also be cheaper than alternative technologies such as deep soil mixing, as larger volumes of soil can be treated with multiple oxidant dosings. 2. In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using KMnO4 is advantageous over the baseline and alternative technologies because it generates innocuous byproducts (carbon dioxide and manganese dioxide solids), allows introduction of large volumes of oxidant solution。 Permeable Reactive Barriers are passive in situ treatment zones of reactive material that degrades or immobilizes contaminants as ground water flows through it. PRBs are installed as permanent, semipermanent, or replaceable units across the flow path of a contaminant plume. Natural gradients transport cont