【正文】 make. “They get at the raw power of science: careful observation of the natural world,” says Sagarin. But the professionals also acknowledge the need for careful quality control. Root, for example, tries to gauge the quality of an amateur archive by interviewing its collector. “You always have to worry things as trivial as vacations can affect measurement. I disregard a lot of records because they’re not rigorous enough,” she says. Others suggest that the right statistics can iron out some of the problems with amateur data. Together with colleagues at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, environmental scientist Arnold van Vliet is developing statistical techniques to account for the uncertainty in amateur phenological data. With the enthusiasm of amateur phenologists evident from past records, professional researchers are now trying to create standardized recording schemes for future efforts. They hope that welldesigned studies will generate a volume of observations large enough to drown out the idiosyncrasies of individual recorders. The data are cheap to collect, and can provide breadth in space, time and range of species. “It’s very difficult to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers,” says Root.H Phenology also helps to drive home messages about climate change. “Because the public understand these records, they accept them,” says Sparks. It can also illustrate potentially un pleasant consequences, he adds, such as the finding that more rat infestations are reported to local councils in warmer years. And getting people involved is great for public relations. “People are thrilled to think that the data they’ve been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific – it empowers them,” says Root. Questions 2733 Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs AH Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter AH in boxes 2733 on your answer sheet. 27. The definition of phenology 28. How Sparks first became aware of amateur records 29. How people reacted to their involvement in data collection 30. The necessity to encourage amateur data collection 31. A description of using amateur records to make predictions 32. Records of a petition providing clues for climate change 33. A description of a very old record piled by generations of amateur naturalistsQuestions 3436Complete the sentences below with NO MORETHA N TWO WORDS from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 3436 on your answer sheet34. Walter Coates’s records largely contain the information of .35. Robert Marsham is famous for recording the of animals and plants on his land.36. According to some phenologists, global warming may cause the number of waterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased .Questions 3740Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 3740 on your answer sheet.37. why do a lot of scientists discredit the data collected by amateurs? A Scientific method was not used in data collection.B Amateur observers are not careful in recording their data.C Amateur data is not reliable.D Amateur data is produced by wrong candidates.38. Mark Schwartz used the example of leaves to illustrate that?A Amateur records can’t be used.B Amateur records are always unsystematic.C The color change of leaves is hard to observe.D Valuable information is often precise.39. How do the scientists suggest amateur data should be used?A Using improved methods.B Be more careful in observation.C Use raw materials.D Applying statistical techniques in data collection.40. What’s the implication of phenology for ordinary people?A It empowers the public.B It promotes public relations.C It warns people of animal infestation.D It raises awareness about climate change in the public.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 2740 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following page.文章背景：交流的方式與沖突。Phlegmatic是冷靜而具有分析性的性格，melancholic類型的人體貼而具有同情心。 locals use the pith for the same purpose).Given that the plant is known locally as “goatkiller”, however, it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans. Some consume it indiscriminately, and succumb.Since the Veroniaeating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons. Many species, for example, consume dirt a behavior known as geophagy. Historically, the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. But geophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals, and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants that are known to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must be getting something else out of eating earth. The current belief is that soiland particularly the clay in ithelps to detoxify the defensive posions that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten. Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999, from an experiment carried out on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the University of California, Davis, Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of chemicals that has some notoriously toxic members such as strychnine. In the wild, the birds are frequently seen perched on eroding riverbanks eating clay. Dr Gillardi fed one group of macaws a mixture of a harmless alkaloid and clay, and a second group just the alkaloid. Several hours later, the macaws that had eaten the clay had 60% less alkaloid in their blood streams than those that had not, suggesting that the hypothesis is correct. Other observations also support the idea that clays is detoxifying. Towards the tropics the amount toxic pounds in plants increasesand so does the amount of earth eaten by herbivores. Elephants lick