【正文】 eductive method.3. The difference between “fact” and “theory”[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.4. According to the author, mathematics is[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory.5. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.[A]. a metaphor. [B]. a paradox.[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.[D]. a pun.Vocabulary1. inductive 歸納法induction 2. deductive 演繹法deduction n。寫作方法與文章大意這是篇議論文，論及科學(xué)探索的方法，總體是因果寫法，具體分析又是對比寫法。這種區(qū)分雖不足以解釋科學(xué)研究中真正方法，但奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)，含有真正方法中的重要特性。第四，五段涉及事實和理論的關(guān)系。 D. 由于演繹法的衰落。B. 前者簡單。A. 比喻。 D. 基于事實和理論。第五段第二句，事實是一個提議，通過運用知識的源泉和經(jīng)驗而證實的提議直接而又簡單。A. 兩個階段的相似性。第三段進(jìn)一步闡明不用這些方法觀察，實驗；忽略相關(guān)事實，推理不慎；不能答出理論的結(jié)論，再用實驗或觀察來檢驗等或用得不全，不論在古代還是現(xiàn)代都會失敗。真正的理論就是事實。4. Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to socalled historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?[參考譯文] 或者我們是否應(yīng)當(dāng)把兩個階段的特點歸因于所謂的歷史的偶然性（意外事件）——歸因于客觀環(huán)境中相似（結(jié)合）的影響。 Passage Three (Method of Scientific Inquiry)Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to socalled historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has bee monplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method。 B. 鼓勵可能會導(dǎo)致某些意想不到的結(jié)果。A. 它們游說活動歐盟和聯(lián)合國接受他們的要求。 D. 他們是一個部落。還有行動籌建建立一所吉普塞大學(xué)。國際吉普塞人聯(lián)盟聲稱代表30多個國家的吉普塞人，做了幾件事：展開自我聯(lián)合，提出語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和書面形式，在聯(lián)合國進(jìn)行游說活動時揮動吉普塞國旗，在布魯塞爾設(shè)立辦事處，六月在捷克首都布拉格召開會議。答案祥解1. B. 他們是一個民族/國家嗎？整篇文章環(huán)境這一點而寫，文章一開始就提出中歐入歐盟的國家會給大陸吉普塞人一個機會，承認(rèn)他們是一個民族——國家，雖然沒有界定的領(lǐng)土（作為國家，應(yīng)有領(lǐng)土）。這里潘多拉盒子喻里面已有的各種麻煩的民族，吉普塞加入，更多了一份麻煩。8. a Slovakborn lawyer 斯洛伐克出生的律師，1992年捷克斯洛伐克9. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 簡稱OSCE，偶中安全合作條約組織，成立于1972。4m=more than 4 million 四百多萬。Passage Two (Europe’s Gypsies, Are They a Nation?)The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer an unprecedented chance to the continent’s Gypsies (or Roman) to be recognized as a nation, albeit one without a defined territory. And if they were to achieve that they might even seek some kind of formal place—at least a total population outnumbers that of many of the Union’s present and future countries. Some experts put the figure at 4mplus。最后一段又是商界使共和黨聯(lián)盟和白宮懂得此事的重要性。4. D. 商界。最后一段共和黨一下子又所他們最終將會接受中國加入世貿(mào)組織以表示對整體美國的好感。B. 這三個地方批評過頭。A. 民主黨和共和黨的矛盾。以免整個過程以黨爭而告終。寫作方法與文章大意 文章以先聲奪人的寫作手法：克林頓不同意中國加入世貿(mào)打發(fā)朱總理回國引出兩黨（共和黨和民主黨）矛盾，國會和白宮之相反意見（對比寫法）到最終四方趨向一致來證明總統(tǒng)決定是對的——以最好的價碼使美國獲得最佳利益為前提同意中國加入世貿(mào)來滿足美國商人的要求。6. And without the Administration’s goal of a “bulletproof agreement” that business lobbyists can enthusiastically sell to a Republican Congress, the whole process will end up in partisan acrimony that could harm relations with China for years.[參考譯文] 沒有商界院外活動集團(tuán)成員熱情的勸說共和黨國會采納政府目標(biāo)中的防彈性（保護(hù)性）協(xié)議，那么整個過程將會以黨派之間的尖刻的爭吵而結(jié)束，這會影響以后多年和中國的關(guān)系。 and the sale of missile parts to America’s enemies. Beijing’s fierce critics within the Democratic Party, such as Senator Paul D. Wellstone of Minnesota and House Minority leader Richard A. Gephardt of Missouri, won’t help, either.Just how tough the lobbying job on Capitol Hill will be bee clear on Apr. 20, when Rubin lectured 19chief executives on the need to discipline their Republican allies. With business and the White House still trading charges over who is responsible for the defeat of fasttrack trade negotiating legislation in 1997, working together won’t be easy. And Republicans—with a wink—say that they’ll eventually embrace China’s entry into the WTO as a favor to Corporate America. Though not long before they torture Clinton. But Zhu is out on a limb, and if Congress overdoes the criticism, he may be forced by domestic critics to renege. Business must make this much dear to both its GOP allies and the Whit House: This historic deal is too important to risk losing to any more partisan squabbling1. The main idea of this passage is [A]. The Contradiction between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.[B]. On China’s entry into WTO.[C]. Clinton was right.[D]. Business Lobbyists Control Capitol Hill.2. What does the senten