【正文】 cientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field. 天山 Q25: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is monly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. (an explanation that the argument challenges) However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields. (evidence in support of a peting explanation that the argument defends.) GWD6Q16: Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false. (evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes) A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented. (evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position) GWD7Q18amp。 but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day. (Evidence) Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed averages only 35 miles per hour. (Evidence) So new businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live. (Author’s method or strategy) 10. (OG205) Consumer advocate: it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. ( Concession ) It is also true that each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence. ( Second concession / A pattern of cause and effect that the advocates argues will not hold in the case at issue) However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer’s legal costs. ( A certain position advocate hold) Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees. ( A consideration in support of that prediction ) GWD1Q3: A product that represents a clear technological advance over peting products can generally mand a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and panies want to make large profits while they still can, many panies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.( a consideration raised to explain the appeal