【正文】 ge 2 67　　　GWDTN16 Passage 3 69　GWDTN16 Passage 4 70　　GWDTN17 Passage 1 71　　GWDTN17 Passage 2 72　　　GWDTN17 Passage 3 74　　GWDTN17 Passage 4 75　　　第76頁(yè)　　　　GMAT閱讀復(fù)習(xí)方法　　　一、總結(jié)　　　二、單詞　　　建立自己的閱讀單詞本，以動(dòng)詞為主?！　《?、結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型　　　1. 結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型的區(qū)分　　　　　不要光看開(kāi)頭，看后面如何展開(kāi)　　　　現(xiàn)象解釋型：為什么？ 　　　　　問(wèn)題解決型：如何改變？　　　　　結(jié)論解釋型：有什么內(nèi)容？　　　2. 新老觀(guān)點(diǎn)型　　老：1)喜新厭舊：traditionally / once / old / recently / until recently / 老時(shí)間　　　　 2)標(biāo)新立異：most / many / frequent(ly) / usually / mon　　　　新：強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折however，新觀(guān)點(diǎn)易在第一段中部或第二段開(kāi)頭出現(xiàn)　　　主題句：明確代表新觀(guān)點(diǎn)的那句話(huà)　　3. 現(xiàn)象解釋型　　 現(xiàn)象：自然科學(xué)：自然現(xiàn)象　社會(huì)科學(xué)：史實(shí)(人物、時(shí)間、事件)　　　　解釋?zhuān)涸颍黧w，評(píng)價(jià)(即為什么發(fā)生？如何發(fā)生？)：往往有多個(gè)理論，其寫(xiě)法、主體、評(píng)價(jià)、代表人物?！?. 找出主題句　 根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型找出文章的主題句。?。簯B(tài)度題　：取非題　?。菏聦?shí)題、改善題　　　　直接事實(shí)題(直接就原因或結(jié)果提問(wèn))　　　　　改善題(由于某個(gè)原因?qū)е履硞€(gè)理論“不好”)——回文找、取非?。菏聦?shí)題、取非題　　　正著出：直接事實(shí)題　　　反著出：取非題　?。号e例題　舉例作用題in order to　：列舉題　　　記位置?。菏聦?shí)題　轉(zhuǎn)為出題而設(shè)置　　　　　直接事實(shí)題　　　　從前不從后原則(主題題中不能選延伸性?xún)?nèi)容的同意變換)　　　　最高級(jí)、唯一性、比較級(jí)、引號(hào)、括號(hào)、破折號(hào)　　　　尤其是引用其原話(huà)的(老觀(guān)點(diǎn)中的不用看)　　　　　出現(xiàn)三四次　　　　　某句話(huà)的適用范圍超過(guò)了文章的適用范圍，這句話(huà)就是普遍性原理。比如，文章說(shuō)“fail to link”，到了題目里，改成“fail to relate”就是正確答案?！?. 邏輯題　1)支持題　　support / strengthen　　　：把缺的條件補(bǔ)上去　　?。褐苯又貜?fù)結(jié)論 　　?。号e文章沒(méi)說(shuō)的例子作正面論據(jù)　2)反對(duì)題　　　 weaken / undermine / call into question / cast doubt on　　　　?。悍磳?duì)原因　　　　?。悍醋C法　　　　 用虛擬語(yǔ)氣承認(rèn)B對(duì)，推出一個(gè)矛盾、謬誤或不可能的情況，結(jié)論：B不成立　　　?。悍磳?duì)結(jié)論　　　?。捍嬖谄渌蚍ā　　　　? 反對(duì)A推出B，證C推出B即可?！　　　?)從大不從?。骸　　　　? 文章開(kāi)頭或主題句中的評(píng)價(jià)是大評(píng)價(jià)(讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折除外)　　2. 態(tài)度題　?。骸　　?)判斷句(系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、自由褒貶詞)　　　2)某些引號(hào)表負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)　　　　　3)某些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞表評(píng)價(jià)，尤其在研究類(lèi)的文章中：　　　　 ：fail to / overestimate / underestimate / exaggerate / misinterpret / misrepresent / ignore（主觀(guān)） / neglect / overlook　　　　　 ：find / discover / show / demonstrate / prove / confirm / determine　　　4)讓步：前半句是假話(huà)；后半句是真正要說(shuō)的，轉(zhuǎn)折：一般大負(fù)小正。　A recent study has provided clues to predatorprey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers pared the number of tooth fractures in presentday carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the presentday species. 　In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and presentday carnivores—in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense petition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.　Questions 4–8 refer to the passage above.　4. The primary purpose of the passage is to （主旨）　　　(A) present several explanations for a wellknown fact 　　(B) suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate 　　(C) argue in favor of a controversial theory 　　(D) question the methodology used in a study 　(E) discuss the implications of a research finding 　　　　　5. According to the passage, pared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area （細(xì)節(jié)）　(A) included the same species, in approximately the same proportions 　(B) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures 　(C) populated the La Brea area more densely 　　(D) consumed their prey more thoroughly 　(E) found it harder to obtain sufficient prey 　　6. According to the passage, the researchers believe that the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily by （細(xì)節(jié)）　　　(A) the aging process in individual carnivores 　　　(B) contact between the fossils in the pits 　(C) poor preservation of the fossils after they were removed from the pits 　　(D) the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of their prey 　(E) the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over kills 　　　7. The researchers’ conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found that （邏輯）　(A) the older an individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fractures 　(B) the average age at death of a presentday carnivore is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivore 　(C) in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as did younger individuals 　(D) the methods used to determine animals’ ages in fossil samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals 　(E) data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and presentday carnivores 　　　　8. According to the passage, if the researchers had NOT found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would have concluded that （推論）　(A) the difference in breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossil remains in the La Brea pits 　(B) the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils in the La Brea pits 　(C) Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another with respect to consumption of carcasses 　(D) all Pleistocene carnivore species differed behaviorally from presentday carnivore species 　　(E) predator densities during the Pleistocene era were extremely high　　Passage 3　題材類(lèi)型：社會(huì)科學(xué)　結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型：?jiǎn)栴}回答型　組織方式：總分，提出問(wèn)題=提出方案=分析可行性　　　主要對(duì)象：arc