【正文】 production was constrained by the amount of available cave space. Brewing was strictly a local business, since beer was highly perishable and shipping it any distance would result in spoilage. Busch solved the storage problem with the mercial vaporpression refrigerator. He solved he shipping problem with the newly invented refrigerated railcar, which was insulated with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity. In solving Busch’s spoilage and storage problems, refrigeration also revolutionized an entire industry. By 1891, nearly every brewery was equipped with mechanical refrigerating machines. The refrigerators of today rely on the same basic principle of cooling caused by the rapid evaporation and expansion of gases. Until l929, refrigerators used toxic gases—ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide—as refrigerants. After those gases accidentally killed several people, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became the standard refrigerant. However, they were found to be harmful to the earth’s ozone layer, so refrigerators now use a refrigerant called HF134a, which is less harmful to the ozone. ○ A dense ○ B poisonous ○ C rare ○ D expensive 請勿在試卷上填寫答案 環(huán)球北美考試院 新托福 閱讀、寫作部分 測試題 4 12. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Gorrie’s basic principle of pressing a gas, and then sending it through radiating coils to cool it, is the one most often used in refrigerators today. Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nieenth centuries. A William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in 1748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. B In 1842, physician John Gorrie used Evans’s design to create an aircooling apparatus to treat yellowfever patients in a Florida hospital. C Gorrie later left his medical practice and experimented with ice making, and in 1851 he was granted the first . patent for mechanical refrigeration. D In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor—pression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries. 13— 14. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Methods of refrigeration have changed throughout history. ● ● ● Answer Choiees ○ A A refrigerator has an evaporator that makes the inside of the refrigerator cold. ○ B People used to preserve food by packing it with ice or snow in cold storage areas. ○ C Artificial refrigeration Was made possible by the pression and evaporation of a volatile substance. ○ D William Cullen developed a method of artificial refrigeration in 1748. ○ E Practical uses of vaporpression refrigeration were introduced in the nieenth century. ○ F CFCs have not been used as refrigerants since they were found to damage the earth’s ozone layer. 15. According to the passage, how did Canadian English bee a distinct variety of North American English? ○ A Linguists noticed that Canadians spoke a unique dialect. ○ B A large group of Loyalists settled in one region at the same time. ○ C Growth of the middle class led to a standard school curriculum. ○ D Canadians declared their language to be 請勿在試卷上填寫答案 環(huán)球北美考試院 新托福 閱讀、寫作部分 測試題 5 different from . English. 16. The word norms in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ○ A patterns ○ B history ○ C words ○ D ideas 17. The phrase a great deal in mon with in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ○ A different words for ○ B the same problems as ○ C many similarities to ○ D easier pronunciation than 18. In paragraph 2, what point does the author make about Canadian English? ○ A Canadian English is more similar to American than to British English. ○ B American and British visitors define Canadian English by their own norms. ○ C Canadian English has many words that are not in other varieties of English. ○ D Canadians speak English with an accent that Americans cannot understand. 19. The phrase the two varieties in paragraph 3 refers to ○ A People who live outside North American ○ B Canadian English and American English ○ C General Canadian and North American ○ D British English and Canadian English 20. The word spot in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ○ A describe ○ B ignore ○ C prefer CANADIAN ENGLISH Canadian English is a regional variety of North American English that spans almost the entire continent. Canadian English became a separate variety of North American English after the American Revolution, when thousands of Loyalists, people who had supported the British, left the United States and fled north to Canada. Many Loyalists settled in southern Ontario in the l780s, and their speech became the basis for what is called General Canadian, a definition based on the norms of ur