【正文】 game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional men39。 Eddie Gottlieb39。s prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disanized and stodgy sport up until the late 1940s, with barnstorming still central to the game and most players still using the set shot. In 1946, however, hockey owners, led by Maurice Podoloff, created the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in the East to fill their arenas, but few fans came, even after Joe Fulks of Philadelphia introduced the jump shot. The BAA39。s devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behindtheback dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma Aamp。s original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first fiveman teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine s but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the s were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Noheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the twohand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more anized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics。s game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the men39。 the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the anization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players。m （ 2分） 總彎矩為： q 9 2 1 6 1 6 91 8 9 0 0 0 ???xM N鋼材為 Q235（ 2mmN215?f ）。因此，為使屋架結(jié)構(gòu)有足夠的空間剛度和穩(wěn)定性，必須在屋架間設(shè)置支撐系統(tǒng)。（ 5）構(gòu)件強(qiáng)度、穩(wěn)定和剛度驗(yàn)算 鋼梁腹板計(jì)算高度如何取值？ 答：（ 1）軋制型鋼梁，為腹板在與上下翼緣相交接處兩 內(nèi)弧起點(diǎn)間的距離；（ 2）焊接組合梁，為腹板高度；（ 3）鉚接組合梁，為上下翼緣與腹板連接的鉚釘（或高強(qiáng)螺栓 ）線間最近距離。 防止：第（ 3）種破壞形式屬于構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算，第（ 4）種破壞形式通過(guò)限制螺栓端距大于或等于2d0 加以避免。 鋼材常見(jiàn)的冶金缺陷有哪些，各自的具體含義是什么？ 答：鋼材常見(jiàn)的冶金缺陷包括偏析、非金屬夾雜、氣孔、裂紋及分層等。 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)必須滿足的功能包括哪些方面？ 答：（ 1）應(yīng)能承受在正常施工和正常使用時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)的各種情況，包括荷載和溫度變化、基礎(chǔ)不均勻沉降以及地震作用等；（ 2）在正常使用情況下結(jié)構(gòu)具有良好的工作性能；（ 3）在正常維護(hù)下結(jié)構(gòu)具有足夠的耐久性；（ 4）在偶然事件發(fā)生時(shí)及發(fā)生后仍能保持必需的整體穩(wěn)定性。 （√） 梁與柱的剛性連接要求連接節(jié)點(diǎn)不僅能可靠地傳遞剪力而且能有效地傳遞彎矩。 ( √ ) 軸心受壓柱的柱頭構(gòu)造應(yīng)使柱身的內(nèi)力可靠地 傳給基礎(chǔ)，并和基礎(chǔ)牢固地連接。 (√ ) 軸心受力構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度制其長(zhǎng)細(xì)比來(lái)保證。（ ） 焊縫的連接形式按被連接板件的相互位置可分為對(duì)接、搭接、 T 型連接和角部連接四種形式。（√） 7．鋼筋的冷彎試驗(yàn)是按照有關(guān)規(guī)定的彎心直徑在試驗(yàn)機(jī)上采用沖頭加壓，使試件完成 45176。(1 )mx xxxExNM fNA WN?????中的 x? 、 1xW 、 2xW 說(shuō)法正確的是（ D ） D． 1xW 和 2xW 為單軸對(duì)稱截面繞非對(duì)稱軸較大和較小翼緣最外纖維的毛截面模量， x? 值相同 1有側(cè)移的單層鋼框架，采用等截面柱，柱與基礎(chǔ)固接，與橫梁鉸接，框架平面內(nèi)柱的計(jì)算長(zhǎng)度系數(shù) ? 為（ A ） A． 2． 03 1單軸對(duì)稱截面的壓彎構(gòu)件，當(dāng)彎矩作用在對(duì)稱軸平面內(nèi)，且使較大翼緣受壓時(shí)，構(gòu)件達(dá)到臨界狀態(tài)的應(yīng)力分布說(shuō)法正確的是（ A ） A． 可能在拉、壓側(cè)都出現(xiàn)塑性 1實(shí)腹式偏心受壓構(gòu)件在彎矩作用平面內(nèi)整體穩(wěn)定驗(yàn)算公式中的 x? 主要是考慮 （ A ）。 B． xy ?? ?0 1承受橫向荷載的構(gòu)件稱為（ A ） A． 受彎構(gòu)件 1鋼梁彎曲應(yīng)力的發(fā)展三個(gè)階段分別是（ A ） A． 彈性工作階段、彈塑性工作階段、塑性工作階段 1提高腹板的穩(wěn)定性，相對(duì)比較經(jīng)濟(jì)的措施是（ A ） A． 增大腹板面積 1 梁的撓度驗(yàn)算其實(shí)是（ C ） C． 驗(yàn)算梁的剛度 計(jì)算工字形截面梁的抗彎強(qiáng)度采用公式 xx nxM fW? ? ，取 x? =1． 05，梁的受壓翼緣外伸肢寬厚比不 大于（ B ） A B． 23513yf 驗(yàn)算工字形截面梁的折算應(yīng)力的公式 f122 3 ??? ?? ，式中 ? 、 ? 應(yīng)為（ D ） D．驗(yàn)算截面中驗(yàn)算點(diǎn)的正應(yīng)力和剪應(yīng)力 不考慮腹板屈曲后強(qiáng)度，工字形截面梁腹板高厚比 0wht =100 時(shí)，梁腹板可能（ D ） D．因剪應(yīng)力引起屈曲，需設(shè)橫向加勁肋 梁上作用較大固定集中荷載時(shí)，其作用點(diǎn)處應(yīng)（ B ）。 C． 8 1采用高強(qiáng)度螺栓摩擦型連接與承壓型連接，在相同螺栓直徑的條件下，它們對(duì)螺栓孔的要求是（ A ） A．摩擦型連接孔要求略大，承壓型連接孔要求略小 1承壓型高強(qiáng)度螺栓可用于（ D）。 B．角焊縫 斜角