【正文】 0 ancient trees. Yuanmingyuan Road behind the plex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and highend brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for mercial fashion photo shoots. New Tian’an Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2021. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filledin and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place that’s more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot of movies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their prewedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soontobewed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for prewedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British pany, the 106meterlong bridge was the firstever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to plaints from citizens. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because nearly 40 bridges have now been built over Suzhou Creek, the bridge is no longer a traffic artery but is more of an observation deck for tourists. It is a tradition in Shanghai for a grandmother to walk across a bridge with their grandchild when he or she reaches one month. This represents that the newborn has overe all the twists and turns and its journey will be safe and smooth throughout his or her life. Waibaidu Bridge is always the best option because it’s the icon of Shanghai. The picture of my daughter when she was a baby held by her grandmother was also taken here. It’s like a family tradition, says Wang Xuefen, a Shanghai native who has a newborn grandson. Changning Riverside There is a 5km stretch of waterfront by Suzhou Creek in Changning district on Changning Road from the intersection of Hami Road to Jiangsu Road. It has bee a popular place to take a walk and sunbathe on the lawn. There is an overpass at the intersection of Changning Road and Gubei Road for people to enjoy the view of the creek and a 3km plastic runway on both sides of Changning Road, which attracts people of all ages, Chinese and expat. Jogging on the two sides gives a different feeling because the north side is next to the creek, and the south side is adjacent to the residential highrises, which is like jogging in the jungle, says Xiao Xu, a 27yearold woman who lives nearby. The riverside used to be pletely different. Dozens of textile mills, chemical plants and machine manufacturing factories were set up along the creek in the 1920s. They brought industrialization but also pollution. From the 1930s the creek could no longer be used as a source for tap water, and no living fish or shrimp could be found. Suzhou Creek in my memory is dark and smelly. I used to go to the riverbank to watch the sewage disposal running out from the chemical plants when I was a little g。有幾個男青年敲起了鼓（第一段 ab 兩句），有幾個男青年敲起了鈸（第一段 c 句），有幾個男青年敲起了吊釵（第一段 d 句）；然后所有的女青年拿著綢帶跳起了綢帶舞，先是把綢帶往頭頂甩（第二段 ab 句），然后把綢帶往身旁甩（第二段 cd句）；最后男青年又出來了（第三段重復第一段）。 對幼兒園教師來說，挖掘音樂作品的再現(xiàn)內(nèi)容一般可以采取以下兩個步驟：第一部，曲式分析，旨在捕捉再現(xiàn)內(nèi)容的音樂主題；第二步，動作表現(xiàn)，旨在全市再現(xiàn)內(nèi)容。 步驟二：把音樂的再現(xiàn)內(nèi)容用動作詮釋出來。 （ 2）提煉出音符簡化后的節(jié)奏型，即去掉附點、切分等難的音符，只留下二分、四分、八分等簡單的音符，并組成節(jié)奏型。 ③音色：日常音色、打擊樂音色、人聲、樂器音色。 一種解釋：神經(jīng)元軸突的髓鞘化過程對兒童早期的發(fā)展非常重要，也正是神經(jīng)元軸突髓鞘化是產(chǎn)生學習關(guān)鍵期的基礎(chǔ)。 4 歲 5 歲的幼兒可 以通過快與慢的配合理解節(jié)拍，通過歌謠朗 第 8 頁，共 9 頁 誦理解節(jié)奏型。 第十五章 學前兒童音樂經(jīng)驗（八）風格 1．風格經(jīng)驗的年齡目標有 搖籃曲、舞曲、進行曲 。 模仿句、重復句、喊答句、主副歌、三段式與回旋式、引子與尾聲。 4．簡述音層厚薄經(jīng)驗的獲得機制。 答：（ 1）通過模仿教師身體動作制作方式來感知器樂曲的再現(xiàn)特性，并知道此器樂曲的演奏樂器；（ 2）即興創(chuàng)編身體動作表達器樂曲的再現(xiàn)特性。 4．學習人聲所用的四類音樂材料是 分辨說、唱、悄悄話與喊叫的音響材料；故事；歌曲；用于辨別的音響 。 4．簡述旋律輪廓線經(jīng)驗獲得機制。 8．“雨落在草地上，雨落在樹上，雨落在房頂上，就不落在我身上。 答：（ 1）幼兒通過模仿老師的身體動作制作方式來感知節(jié)奏型。 2．用不移動與移動動作合拍的五種音樂材料類型是 常規(guī)游戲、童謠；動作模仿歌曲；不移動動作與歌詞對應的歌曲；移動動作與歌詞對應的歌曲；移動動作與歌詞對應的游戲。意象：風“梳”樹的“頭發(fā)”。 7．寫出單圈舞“彩帶”的動作說明。 2．單圈舞 ：是全體圍成一個圈，以圈為基本隊形而進行的集體舞。 方式：有身體動作式（歌詞包含動作動詞的歌曲）、故事表演式（講故事、看圖說話、角色扮演等）、情境表演式（勞動情境、催眠情境、探究情境等）、歌詞朗誦式（具有節(jié)奏難度的歌曲往往采用）等。 學習方法：圍繞著情境 表演、故事表演、游戲展開。 第三節(jié) 幼兒園歌曲教學的一般過程與目標 1．幼兒歌曲學習的四個階段是什么？ 答：掌握歌詞階段；掌握節(jié)奏階段；大致掌握音高輪廓階段；初具調(diào)性感階段。 4． 技能的出場方式有哪些？ 答：游戲方式；探究方式；角色表演或劇情表演方式；圈舞、對舞方式。 8．簡述學前兒童音樂課程評價的對象。 8．學前兒童音樂課程內(nèi)容組織有哪三種形式？ 答：以音樂版塊內(nèi)容為組織要素的幼兒園音樂課程；以音樂經(jīng)驗為組織要素的幼兒園音樂課程；以幼兒社會生活經(jīng)驗，包括自我、 第 5 頁，共 9 頁 社會、自然及關(guān)系為組織要素的幼兒園音樂課程。 答：表現(xiàn)性目標的的制定準則是情境與任務的雙維度制定，即交代兒童需要完成的任務情境與具體任務。（ 5）織體：打擊樂、舞蹈中聲音的多層次；有伴奏無伴奏比較；聲音厚薄比較；多聲部歌唱。 7．以音樂教育內(nèi)容為結(jié)構(gòu)框架的目標體系中組成體系的四部分內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)與三個目標 維 度各是什么？ 答：四部分內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)：歌唱、韻律活動、打擊樂器演奏、欣賞；三個目標 維 度：認知、情感與態(tài)度、操作技能。 8．音樂制作能力遷移有哪兩種情況？ 答：（ 1）用同一音樂作品但用不同的制作方式來表達；（ 2）用同一制作方式在不同的音樂作品中表達。 2．音樂形式的關(guān)鍵經(jīng)驗有 節(jié)奏、音色、力度、旋律、結(jié)構(gòu)、速度、織體、風格 。 8．歌詞創(chuàng)編活動可能存在的兩種偏差是什么？ 答：（ 1）使音樂活動變成語言活動；（ 2）在新學歌曲活動中就進入歌詞創(chuàng)編。 答：（ 1）按照準確音調(diào)歌唱；（ 2）克服幼兒的不良音調(diào)；（ 3）歌唱能力的發(fā)