【正文】 的原則。實行儲蓄制的國家，保險項目按帳戶設(shè)置，一目了然，基金的收付和管理由政府高度集中，但帳戶運作比較復(fù)雜，難度較大。我國社會福利制度發(fā)展的根本任務(wù)應(yīng)當(dāng)是在以往改革的基礎(chǔ)上，創(chuàng)建新型的社會福利制度。(4) 社會福利應(yīng)當(dāng)堅持多層次化。s Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta Internatio nal Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to s tay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that country39。t miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are remended. Children39。s haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The Safari on Foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As a teaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to 10 a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a lastminute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the country39。s confidence in and mitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Greek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. When Li said that China will not only consider a ChinaEU investment platform to back European Commission President JeanClaude Juncker39。s artistic innovation before the advent of the Inter period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Inter and the other puterized means of art innovation. The handdrawn children39。t rain much and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrip39。 （ 2）舊《濟貧法》對社會福利思想產(chǎn)生了極為重要的影響：其一， 它以法律形式將制度福利化，明確了政府在濟貧事業(yè)中的主導(dǎo)作用，為各國社會福利的發(fā)展提供了參照的樣本；其二，政府通過征稅救濟窮人，在一定程度上實現(xiàn)了財富的再分配，成為福利制度形成的標(biāo)志； 其三，強調(diào)窮人要通過自己的勞動換取救濟，減輕了政府的財政負(fù)擔(dān)； 其四，規(guī)定了家庭和社區(qū)救濟窮人的責(zé)任，為后來的一些社會福利思 想理論提供了重要的啟發(fā)。 (3)社會福利應(yīng)當(dāng)盡快走向社會化。而實行繳稅制的國家，社會保障稅收入直接構(gòu)成政府財政收入，成為政府財政預(yù)算的重要組成部分，社會保障收支平衡狀況直接影響政府財政的綜合平衡，因此，嚴(yán)格組織和管理社會保障基金的收支及其運營是財政部門的一項重要的經(jīng)常性的工作。實行繳稅制的國家，保險項目及其稅率設(shè)置一般較為簡單、明了，稅款繳納和保險金支付都遵循統(tǒng)一的章法，社會保障由政府部門直接管理，部門分工明確，治理比較集中。（ 3）權(quán)利與義務(wù)相結(jié)合的原則。（ 4）社會保險籌資除少數(shù)國家實行現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付方式外，大部分國家都采取收大于支的基金方式，社會保險結(jié)余基金成為政府投資的一個重要來源。社會保險基金在規(guī)定較大統(tǒng)籌范圍內(nèi)調(diào)劑使用，發(fā)揮長期互濟的功能。（ 3）資金來源不同。（ 4）改革完善階段 (1990 年至今 )。 新中國成立以來的社會保障法制建設(shè)，大體可以分為創(chuàng)立、停滯、修補和改革四個階段。（ 4）分散投資與多樣化原則。 12． 簡述社會保險基金投資應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循的原則？ （ 1）安全性原則，這是社會保障基金投資的首要原則。大多數(shù)福利行為都是由官方興辦的，很少有私人興辦的福利事業(yè)。現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付的優(yōu)點：（ 1）制度易建，給付及時。 9．簡述社會保障管理的原則。（ 2）國家往往在社會保障政策中扮演“最后出場”的角色，因而社會保障支付危機必然帶來財政赤字和債務(wù)增加，影響政府的信譽，并最終將負(fù)擔(dān)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給下一代承擔(dān)。 6．試述完善我國社會保障法律制度的措施。其作用主要體現(xiàn)在：（ 1）增強抵御風(fēng)險的能力，保證社會的穩(wěn)定。（ 5）個人儲蓄模式。（ 2）集體包攬 模式。（ 5）保險的 權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系不同。商業(yè)保險是一種企業(yè)行為，以追求利潤最大化。（ T ） , 所以社會保障水平應(yīng)該越高越好。（ T ） “最低工資理論”的古典經(jīng)濟學(xué)社會福利思想的是威廉 T 撫的資金完全不需要由優(yōu)撫對象繳納。（ T ） 障 基金 可以進行股票 投資。 F ，建立起低起點 .多層次的商品化兼福利政策形式的住房保障制度。 T ，所以社會保險不具有互濟性。 （ T） 救助型社會保障制度模式的社會救助費用來源于國家稅收，個人不繳納保險費。 （ ABD）的就業(yè)政策。 原則 （ ACDE ）。斯密 A、基金貶值風(fēng)險較大 B、基金營運風(fēng)險存在 C、 互濟性較弱 D、難以應(yīng)付人口老齡化挑戰(zhàn) ：繳稅制 .繳費制和儲蓄制，其中實行儲蓄制的國家是（ D ）。 （ D ） 。 （ D）。配第 11.（ C）是社會保障的核心內(nèi)容。 （ D ）。 A. 儒家 C. 墨家 （ D ）。斯密 困 、 基金制以及（ C）。 ，住房保障基金屬于（ C ） ，維持居