【正文】 Transport Forum, PTRC Education and Research Services Limited, London, September. [2] Leilei Liu (2020). Promoting Public Transport Development for China Cities. China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Ministry of Communications, December (in Chinese). [3] Li Feng, Shen Jiadong (1999). Economic analyses of urban traffic congestion. Journal of Shanghai Tiedao University, , , (in Chinese). [4] C. Robin Lindsey, Erik T (2020). Verhoef. Traffic congestion and congestion pricing. Tinbergen Institute Discussion paper. [5] Mark Goh (2020). Congestion management and electronic road pricing in Singapore. Journal of Transport Geography, , . [6] Vickerman R (2020). Evaluation the wider economic impacts of congestion charging schemes: The limitations of conventional modeling approaches. The 45th ERSA Congress, Amsterdam, Netherlands. [7] Santos G. B., Shaffer (2020). Preliminary results of the London congestion charging scheme. Public Works, Management and Policy, , , . [8] Chertok M., Voukelatos A., Sheppeard V., etc. (2020). parison of air pollution exposure for five muting 452modes in Sydneycar, train, bus, bicycle and walking. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, , . [9] World Bank (2020). City on the move: a World Bank urban transport strategy review. Washington DC. [10] Air Resources Board (1989). The air pollution transportation linkage, state of California. Sacramento, . [11] Joumard, R (1999). Estimation of Pollutant Emissions from Transportation. Transport Research, Office for Special Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. [12] Leon S., Diaz M. I., Mandoza B (1997). Traffic, noise and air pollution in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: An evaluation of the effects of the ring road. Urban Transport and the Environment for the 21st century III, WIT Press, UK, . [13] Mitchell G (2020). Forecasting environmental equity: air quality responses to road user charging in Leeds, UK. Journal of Environmental Management, , , . 453。 more generally concern has been expressed at the impact on those who, for whatever reason, have no choice but to travel by car. These arguments can be countered to some extent by devising more flexible charging regimes. It has to be accepted that any form of road pricing will introduce some inequities. The key is to keep these to minimum, and to find ways of pensating those who do not benefit from congestion pricing. In practice, the lowest ine travelers, who typically travel by public transport or on foot, are most likely to benefit. For the conventional transportation system, the tax rates on gasoline, which are the same regardless of whether transport users are traveling during congested or uncongested periods, provide no incentive for users to use infrastructure more efficiently. Congestion pricing is expected to reduce this unfair by implementing surcharge for the use selected congested facilities during peak traffic periods. Under congestion pricing, residents inside the cordon should pay extra charge in peak periods, and seemly have an increase in travel costs. In fact, the reduction in congestion brought by the cordons including time savings, resulting in lower travel costs to cordon residents. If congestion pricing scheme is well designed, and revenues collected through charges should be directed to local authorities and earmarked for further improvements in the transport situation and mitigation of the congestion effects. It is no doubt that congestion pricing should enhance economic equity among all infrastructure users. 451Equity issues addressed in transport have been largely concerned with economic equity, including the relationship between public and private transport, the impacts of congestion pricing on peripheral areas and underprivileged population groups. However, environmentalequity issues have been little within a transport context. Transport produces direct effects such as atmospheric emissions and noise, and also indirect effects, through its influence on the location of polluting facilities and affected people. Environmental equity refers to the social distribution of environmental quality (and specifically the distribution of NO2 by deprivation