【正文】 good effect。 2mm. adjusted using the standard measurement to determine elevation. Every template fixed a certain distance from the outside to ensure that no displacement, the joints template close fort, not from a slit, crooked and formation, and the bottom connector templates are not allowed to leak plasma. Concrete before reperfusion, the bottom surface of concrete must be clean. When the concrete arrived at the construction site directly installed backward mode of the road bed, and using artificial Huabu uniform. Concrete paver should be considered after the earthquake destroyed the settlement. Unrealistically high can be 10% higher, Lan is the surface elevation and design line. Concrete earthquake destroyed at or anywhere near the corner with plugLan Lan pound for pound order。 The efficacy silicate modulus pressure grouting pressure early pressure ~。 N Inclination : Elevation 1 176。s and others. It works similar to the surface issues of the thinking is still widely used to. Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or rock for the theory. Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their own selfstability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文 2 necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, MillerFeiqieer, Fenner Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more modern theory, it is already out of the ground works to consider the ideas, and underground works closer to reality, the past 50 years has been widely accepted and applied. demonstrated broad development prospects. Can be seen from the above, the former theory more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more attention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full utilization of capacity. Given this distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the representation method. 2. NATM NATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said it convergence bound or some countries alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles. NATM concept of filibustering Xiweici Austria scholars in the 20th century, Professor age of 50. It was based on the experience of both the tunnel and rock mechanics theory, will bolt and shotcrete bination as a major means of supporting a construction method, Austria, Sweden, Italy and other countries, many practical and theoretical study in the 1960s and patented officially named. Following this approach in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States and Japan and many other underground works with a very rapid development, have bee modern tunnels new technologies landmark. Nearly 40 years ago, the railway sector through research, design, construction bining, in many construction of the tunnel, according to their own characteristics successfully applied a new Austrian law, made more experience, have accumulated large amounts of data, This is the application stage. However, in the road sector NATM of only 50%. Currently, the New Austrian Tunneling Method almost bee weak and broken rock section of a tunnel construction method, technical and economic benefits are clear. NATM the basic points can be summarized as follows : （ 1） . Rock tunnel structure is the main loading unit, the construction must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. To 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文 3 this end, the construction of subsection should not block too much, excavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling. （ 2） . In order to give full play to rock the carrying capacity should be allowed to control and rock deformation. While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring。 (2) when u ↑, PE ↓。 N pipe construction error : Radial not more than 20 cm。 Chalu into the rock arch. penstocks to 2050 cm spacing. Each was over a steel tubes, should be closed immediately shotcrete excavation face and then 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文 10 grouting. After grouting, erecting steel Arch, Supporting the early pletion of every (23 meters, and the paper attempts to be) another one for steel tubes, Advance small catheter general lap length of meters. B. Grouting parameters N water slurry and water glass volume : 1:。 On the larger cracks, available on the 10th of cement mortar or cement mortar expansion caulking more appropriate and effective。 50CM), the firm shall not be fixed, you must be in possession of the wire through the middle wear. 4. Leveling Construction Installation templates, at the request of both sides leveling layer calibration position to install template. Sidechannel steel templates used [10, top elevation with a corresponding length of the road elevation unanimously to allow deviation 177。 water glass slurry concentration of watercement ratio 1:1 silicate 35 Baume。 N pipe from : Central to the distance 50 cm。s problems. Tunnels and underground caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology