土木工程概論論文外文翻譯-建筑結(jié)構(gòu)(存儲版)
【正文】 ge number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present. The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nieenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel. From the beginning of the midnieenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and pressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then produce highstrength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of work, cable structures to promote the gradual emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers. From the brick building longspan structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and highrise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle. In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton39。 人們在早期只能依靠泥土、木料及其它天然材料從事營造活動，后來出現(xiàn)了磚和瓦這種人工建筑材料，使人類第一次沖破了天然建筑材料的束縛。 十七世紀 70 年代開始使用生鐵、十九世紀初開始使用熟鐵建造橋梁和房屋，這是鋼結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)的前奏。 十九世紀 20 年代，波特蘭水泥制成后，混凝土問世了。這是土木工程的又一次飛躍發(fā)展。 許多著名的工程設(shè)施顯示出人類在這個歷史時期的創(chuàng)造力。從17 世紀開始，以伽利略和牛頓為先導的近代力學同土木工程實踐結(jié)合起來，逐漸形成材料力學、結(jié)構(gòu)力學、流體力學、巖體力學，作為土木工程的基礎(chǔ)理論的學科。 在土木工程的長期實踐中，人們不僅對房屋建筑藝術(shù)給予很大注意，取得了卓越的成就；而且對其他工程設(shè)施，也通過選用不同的建筑材料，例如采用石料、鋼材和鋼筋混凝土，配合自然環(huán)境建造了許多在藝術(shù)上十分優(yōu)美、功能上又十分良好的工程。 土木工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展之所以主要憑借工程實踐而不是憑借科學試驗和理論研究，有兩個原因：一是有些客觀情況過于復雜，難以如實地進行室內(nèi)實驗或現(xiàn)場測試和理論分析。在世界各地出現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代化規(guī)模宏大的工業(yè)廠房、摩天大廈，核電站、高速公路和鐵路、大跨橋梁、大直徑運輸 管道長隧道、大運河、大堤壩、大飛機場、大海港以及海洋工程等等。 土木工程是伴隨著人類社會的發(fā)展而發(fā)展起來的。 從三十年代開始，出現(xiàn)了預應力混凝土。 建筑物跨徑從磚結(jié)構(gòu)、石結(jié)構(gòu)、木結(jié)構(gòu)的幾米、
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