【正文】 ibuted throughout the discussion. MomentResisting Frames Perhaps the most monly used system in lowto mediumrise buildings, the momentresisting frame, is characterized by linear horizontal and vertical members connected essentially rigidly at their joints. Such frames are used as a standalone system or in bination with other systems so as to provide the needed resistance to horizontal loads. In the taller of highrise buildings, the system is likely to be found inappropriate for a standalone system, this because of the difficulty in mobilizing sufficient stiffness under lateral forces. Analysis can be acplished by STRESS, STRUDL, or a host of other appropriate puter programs。事實(shí)上，這是與這種大的思想，新的家庭高層建筑的發(fā)展。 7 .蜂窩或捆綁管系統(tǒng)。 雖然全面的討論，這七個(gè)系統(tǒng) 通常適用于文學(xué)，值得進(jìn)一步討論的是在這里。 矩抗框架 也許，最常用的系統(tǒng)在低到中等高樓大廈，目前抗內(nèi)，特點(diǎn)是線性的橫向和縱向聯(lián)系成員基本上是在其關(guān)節(jié)僵硬。該系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是線性橫向，縱向和對(duì)角線成員，連接簡(jiǎn)單，或在其關(guān)節(jié)僵硬。 在高層建筑中，剪力墻體系往往有一個(gè)相對(duì)高縱橫比，也就是說，他們的身高往往是比較大的寬度。 框架或支撐管 的概念框架或支撐，或演變成支撐管的技術(shù)與 IBM 大廈在匹茲堡，但隨后立即與雙 110 層塔樓的世界貿(mào)易中心，紐約和其他一 些建筑。然而，除了可能的審美考慮，帶桁架干擾幾乎每一個(gè)建設(shè)職能與外墻 。is基本上不言自明 的，第二次環(huán)列，環(huán)圍繞中心服務(wù)核心的建設(shè)，是作為一種內(nèi)在的框架或支撐管。這種似是而非的異常與不同的剪切部分的剛度兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)之間。還注意到，軸向力與側(cè)向力的內(nèi)在列從緊張壓縮的高度，管，與拐點(diǎn)在 5月 8日的高度管。 6 .空間桁架結(jié)構(gòu)的帽子提供頂部的建設(shè)。兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)需要有這種差別偏轉(zhuǎn)調(diào)和。在 50層，該列將縮短到 英寸（ 94 毫米）小于其輕聲長(zhǎng)度。 4 .一個(gè)單一的供應(yīng)外管，其中環(huán)繞周邊的建設(shè)。請(qǐng)注意，外部欄將不當(dāng)模仿如果他們被視為系統(tǒng)通過直線的 “ 帽子 ” 的基礎(chǔ) 。 繼梁類推，如果飛機(jī)的表面保持飛機(jī)（即樓板）， 然后軸向應(yīng)力欄目外管，正在進(jìn)一步形成軸線，將大大大于軸向應(yīng)力內(nèi)胎。該 term39。設(shè)計(jì)師們已經(jīng)制定了各種技術(shù)減輕剪力滯影響，最明顯的使用帶桁架。 分析剪力墻體系是復(fù)雜的，因?yàn)椴豢杀苊獾拇嬖诖箝_口通過這些墻壁。 剪力墻 該剪力墻是又向前邁出的一步沿著進(jìn)步的時(shí)候，更嚴(yán)厲的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)然，在后者的設(shè)計(jì)階段，一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)的評(píng)估關(guān)節(jié)變形是必不可少的。 雖然全面的討論，這七個(gè)系統(tǒng)通常適用于文學(xué)，值得進(jìn)一步討論的是在這里。與此相反，許多例子，罰款架構(gòu)已經(jīng)建立，只有適度的支持，結(jié)構(gòu)工程師，而只有精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是偉大的建筑，可開發(fā)的天才和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能的的建筑師。 5 .筒中筒結(jié)構(gòu)。事實(shí)上，更好的高層建筑中的普遍特征簡(jiǎn)單的思路和清晰的表達(dá)。 analysis by the socalled portal method of the cantilever method has no place in today?s technology. Because of the intrinsic flexibility of the column/girder intersection, and because preliminary designs should aim to highlight weaknesses of systems, it is not unusual to use centertocenter dimensions for the frame in the preliminary analysis. Of course, in the latter phases of design, a realistic appraisal injoint deformation is essential. Braced Frames The braced frame, intrinsically stiffer than the moment –resisting frame, finds also greater application to higherrise buildings. The system is characterized by linear horizontal, vertical, and diagonal members, connected simply or rigidly at their joints. It is used monly in conjunction with other systems for taller buildings and as a standalone system in lowto mediumrise buildings. While the use of structural steel in braced frames is mon, concrete frames are more likely to be of the largerscale variety. Of special interest in areas of high seismicity is the use of the eccentric braced frame. Again, analysis can be by STRESS, STRUDL, or any one of a series of two –or three dimensional analysis puter programs. And again, centertocenter dimensions are used monly in the preliminary analysis. Shear walls The shear wall is yet another step forward along a progression of everstiffer structural systems. The system is characterized by relatively thin, generally (but not always) concrete elements that provide both structural strength and separation between building functions. In highrise buildings, shear wall systems tend to have a relatively high aspect ratio, that is, their height tends to be large pared to their width. Lacking tension in the foundation system, any structural element is limited in its ability to resist overturning moment by the width of the system and by the gravity load supported by the element. Limited to a narrow overturning, One obvious use of the system, which does have the needed width, is in the exterior walls of building, where the requirement for windows is kept small. Structural steel shear walls, generally