【正文】 ance regime for all machinery and equipment, ? hazard analysis, ? movement control and use of hazardous substances and chemicals, ? emergency preparedness, ? occupational health programmes. Each element provides specific guidelines on how construction firms should organise and manage their sites to ensure safety of their personnel and the public. However, CP 79 is not meant to be a stringent set of rules and regulations because each construction project is different. The project manager has to carefully interpret the clauses in the code of practice and adapt the guidelines to the context of his project. Besides Singapore, SMS is also a requirement in many other countries. From the review of the SMSs used in Hong Kong [3,10], Australia [11], UK [4] and USA [5,12] it was found that Singapore’s CP 79 is very prehensive and covers all levels of the construction project and organisation. However, the focus on the higher level issues like management mitment is inadequate as pared to Australia and the UK. The SMS approaches employed by the UK are not as extensive in terms of specific details, but they highlight the need for management participation where their opinions and reviews are given very high importance. Many studies have shown that management mitment and involvement is the core element of any SMS [13–16]. Without management support, it is difficult to enforce safe practices and inculcate a safety culture into the organisation. 3. Research methodology The research methodology is shown in Fig. 1. The first step was to review the various SMS standards and guidelines of selected developed countries that are known to have relatively high safety standards. These countries include Hong Kong, Australia, UK and USA. In step 2, relevant attributes were selected and collated based on the literature review and study of various countries’ SMS. A questionnaire was then designed to survey practitioners’ perception of the importance of the collated attributes. The developed questionnaires were sent to 420 randomly selected general building contractors who were registered with the Building Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore(step 3). In step 4, a review was done on selected award winning panies of the Annual Safety Performance Award (ASPA) documents to determine their best practices and SMS used within these organisations. In step 5, preliminary interviews were conducted with three safety auditors to find out their auditing practices. A preliminary framework was developed (step 6) based on the literature review and the postal survey results(step 7). From the results a model to measure the effectiveness of SMS was invented (step 8). This model is based on multiattribute value technique (MAVT) [17]. In step 8, all possible attributes to be incorporated into the model were identified through reviewing the CP79, checklists, tools and practices adopted in other countries. In steps 9 and 10, the importance weights for the factors and attributes of the CSI framework were determined. For the first level factors and second level attributes, the weights were determined through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (step 9), where 30 industry experts were interviewed. Due to the relatively large amount of time needed to conduct AHP, and the large number of lower level attributes e4500T, the lower level attributes’ weights were determined based on 5point Likert Scale (step 10), where 1 ? not important。 [12] Saaty TL. AHP 決策和優(yōu)先理論基礎(chǔ)。柏林：施普林格 。 [5] Chin KS, Choi 2020。減少事故的數(shù)量要有一個適當(dāng)?shù)目?架，對于加強(qiáng)建筑工地的安全什么是最重要的需要認(rèn)真考慮。 該模型以建造業(yè)的方式也很重 要，用來確定安全管理體系和安全管理體系審核的有效性。使用層次分析法以確定第一和第二級重量方法的描述過程。 第一，二級 重量是總結(jié) 16 位受訪者并取近似的海損重量計算的。每一個元素或順次排列并與 另一個是互相抵觸 來 建立 其 重要性。這四個因素的權(quán)重 (政策、過程、人員和激勵 )組成第一層次權(quán)重。第二層次的特征具有很重要的意義 ，其 屬性來源于問卷調(diào)查。每一個因素由多個屬性。 此后 ,模型的性能通過三個現(xiàn)場審核進(jìn)行了測試 (第十二步 )。發(fā) 放 問卷調(diào)查 ,隨機(jī)選取新加坡的 420 名有注冊建筑施工機(jī)構(gòu)的建筑承包商 (步驟 三 )?；仡?安全管理體系在 香港 ,澳大利亞 ， 美國和英國 的 使用發(fā)現(xiàn) 79 年新加坡的 CP 綜合非常激動人心 ,并涵蓋所有級別的建設(shè)項目和組織。 運(yùn)動控制和有害物質(zhì) ； 安全培訓(xùn) ； 因此 , 及時的 安全檢查將幫助確定強(qiáng)項和弱項電流安全程序 ,使 任何可能造成不利影響 的 問題區(qū)域 得以 成功的 預(yù)防， 這使公司能獲得更大的 利益且 符合程序資源部署。 這個調(diào)查的目的是制定一項審計協(xié)議 來 有效的評價解釋網(wǎng)站的 安全管理體系 。 第二十七節(jié) ：《 (工廠大樓運(yùn)營工程建設(shè)作品 )(修訂 )條例草案》規(guī)則 1994， 除了聲明必須包括 14個主要元素 的 安全檢查 ,沒有其他指南標(biāo)準(zhǔn)清單和審計安全水平 來評價 安全管理的 有效性。 新加坡建筑行業(yè)服務(wù)實施了 安全管理體系 審計大約有十年之久了 ,但是提高的 安全 效果 并不顯著。 該方法可以 通過網(wǎng)站 得 到驗證審核 ,利用模型中施工安全指數(shù) (CSI)可以計算出來。 研究方法采用 了 15 個 步進(jìn)行調(diào)查 ， 安全專家 被 邀請通過面試或工作表達(dá)自己的意見。承包商預(yù)期 管理現(xiàn)場安全通過 正常的安全管理體系 。 以往的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)成功的 安全關(guān)系體系 在建筑工地有助于防止事故的發(fā)生 。還有一個大型的審計之間的差異 ， 摘要的不同 ，以及 安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 疑問 。昆劇和 Gibb 發(fā)現(xiàn)有監(jiān)測事故發(fā)生前的審計系統(tǒng)成功實現(xiàn)了加強(qiáng)的 效果，安全管理的安全性能也是至關(guān)重要的。 CP79 的 14 個主要安全管理元素如下 : 安全檢查 ； 然而 ,CP 79 注定不會被 封閉 在一個嚴(yán)格的組 ， 因為每個法規(guī)的建設(shè)項目是不同的。這些國家包括香港、澳大利亞、英國和美國。 通過 步驟 九 和 步驟十 的重要性權(quán)重因素和屬性框架 《 CSI 犯罪現(xiàn)場》確定第一級和二級因素屬性 , 30 位 專家們接受了采訪 ， 分析確定了指標(biāo)的權(quán)重層次分析法 (AHP)(步驟 9)。 屬性列表需要評價 。這顯著 性 重要變量被輸入到 SPSS 軟件進(jìn)行因素和結(jié)構(gòu)分析 ,以確定是否 可以 提出 與 許多 方面有 聯(lián)系 的 安全策略。這價值屬性樹必須要 有 一個井然有序結(jié)構(gòu) 來 幫助評估問題和啟發(fā)權(quán)值樹枝作用 的 重要性。 有幾個公約 來自 分配屬性 的 權(quán)重 體系，利用 一個慣例對每枝體重層次樹狀 分析 得到的增殖透過樹 ,即重量之和 為 1 的 每個層次樹。(5) 通過 的 因素與現(xiàn)場安全激勵方 面 (二級重量 )。他們 提倡邀請 專家 是 因為他們認(rèn)為必要的知識和工作經(jīng)驗 對 處理的建筑項目 安全管理的相當(dāng)必要的 。 政策因素。五個技師在三個不同的地點進(jìn)行審計，表明該模型是客觀的，因為滬深標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差范圍從 到。 該模型作為實際的安全測試工具。19:393403。第二版。紐約： Wiley， 1976 年。 accepted 9 June 2020 Abstract: In Singapore, the construction industry had implemented safety management system (SMS) and SMS auditing for about 10 years now, but the improvement in safety standard is not significant. In response to the need to improve the effectiveness of SMS and SMS audit, the aim of the paper is to propose a method to develop and test the tools that auditors may use to assess the effectiveness of a construction firm’s SMS. The research methodology adopted in this study consists of 15 steps. Surveys were conducted。 and ? an aggregation rule, to determine the score of each alternative. . List of attributes The attributes that contractors and their construction sites need to achieve in order to ensure high level