【正文】 actories, sawmills, shipyards, and boatbuilders, smelters, structural work, and waterworks. PNEUMATIC TOOLS From the point of view of application of pneumatic tools, two main classes of tools should be considered (1)airoperated portable tools, and (2)airoperated rock drills. Portable tools This class of pneumatic tools include grinders, buffers, and sanders. A rotary vanetype air motor is usually used for tools of this type. They are available in a wide range of speed and power. DrillA rotary vanetype air motor is usually used for drills, reamers, tappers, and stud setters. Drills and reamers are used for steel, wood, and 9 other materials. Some tools are reversible, with rotation possible in either direction, and tools are nonreversible. Drill speed can be caried by throttling the air supply to the drill. Portable drills powered by a vanetype rotary air motor are used also for drilling any mineral substance that can be perated by an auger or a tungsten carbied bitfor example, coal, chalk, shale, and hardpan. ScrewdriversA rotary vanetype air motor is usually used for screwdrivers, nut srtters, impact wrencher, and nibblers. Millions of nut, bolts, and screws, are driven daily by pneumatic tools in the large production plants making products,such as automobiles,refrigerator,radios,and various impact wrenches are used to remove or to tighten nuts by torsional or rotary impact,and pneumatic nibblers,and shears are used for cutting and sheathing steel metal. HammerIn the penbmatic chipping hammer,a piston delivers a series of blows to a forming tool or chisel at the end of the hammer。 該裝載機(jī)的工作機(jī)構(gòu)是兩個左右螺旋桿組成的螺旋給料器，安裝在斗式提升機(jī)的兩側(cè)。前卸式機(jī)構(gòu)只允許從裝料的一側(cè)卸料；側(cè)卸式機(jī)構(gòu)是側(cè)面卸料；翻轉(zhuǎn)式機(jī)構(gòu)則從后面卸料。這些裝載機(jī)是根據(jù)卡車的原理制造的，所以也叫卡車裝載機(jī)，他們以內(nèi)燃機(jī)或帶有蓄電池的電動機(jī)為動力。行走速度快，對公路路面和存活地面從不產(chǎn)生破壞作用。實踐證明，在采石場和非金屬材料的倉庫作業(yè)中，挖掘機(jī)的裝在效率要比裝載機(jī)高。單斗裝載機(jī)式通用機(jī)械，適用于多種條件下作業(yè)。既定卸載機(jī)用于從平板貨車或 敞蓬車上卸貨；氣動卸載機(jī)用于卸水泥。還可以選 配動力轉(zhuǎn)向及全天候駕駛室。多斗裝載機(jī)適于磚廠、混泥土預(yù)制品廠及裝卸量大的火車站，也同樣適用于裝載松散5 物料。多斗裝載機(jī)的提升機(jī)把物料卸在傳送帶上，再由傳送帶將物料運送到設(shè)備中。another type is valve operated. One class of pneumatic tools is sometimes designated as pneumatic specialty tools. They include:staybolt riveters, paint mixers, screw spike drives,wirewrapping decices, spinner riveters, shank grinders, reciprocating filing machines, valve grinders, staybolt tappers, air cranking motors,cutoff machines, concrete vibrators,countersinking tools, clip squeezers, tirevalve inserters, multiple screwdrivers and coreknockout machines. 氣動馬達(dá)及工具 壓縮空氣可實現(xiàn)多種多樣的操作，例如：驅(qū)動氣動馬達(dá)和氣錘，驅(qū)動氣缸，使液體霧化，傳送物體，移動和攪拌液體，當(dāng)作氣彈簧，產(chǎn)生真空，加速燃燒，還可以用做冷卻劑，和潤滑劑。于是壓縮空氣帶動轉(zhuǎn)子旋轉(zhuǎn)。馬達(dá)內(nèi)的壓力有入口處的壓力調(diào)節(jié)閥調(diào)節(jié)。輸入氣動馬達(dá)的氣壓是可調(diào)節(jié)的，所以當(dāng)螺釘?shù)臄Q緊力達(dá)到一個恰當(dāng)值時，氣動馬達(dá)就停止。在戶外建筑施工時，空氣壓縮機(jī)是便攜的。典型的旋轉(zhuǎn)式氣動馬達(dá)有 3－ 5 個葉片，轉(zhuǎn)子速度在 4000 到25000rpm 之間，功率可達(dá)到 3馬力。 壓縮空氣可以保證使用工具相對緊湊，總量輕，靈活，易于攜帶，易操作。 磨削工具：磨削工具包括研磨器、打磨器和沙光機(jī)。每天在大量的制造產(chǎn)品諸如汽車、冰箱、收音機(jī)和各種各樣器具上，成百萬的螺母、螺栓和螺釘?shù)扔脷鈩庸ぞ邅戆惭b。氣動馬達(dá)的速度可以調(diào)整，轉(zhuǎn)向是可以變化，且在過載時能停止工作而不受損壞。 有一類氣動裝置有時北設(shè)計為專用的氣動工具。鉆桿的一端是柄，另一端是鉆頭。在有閥型中，閥用來控制進(jìn)出活塞兩 端的空氣；在無閥型中，閥的作用由活塞來完成。某些工具式可雙向的，轉(zhuǎn)子的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向式任意的，而這些工具式不可逆雙相旋轉(zhuǎn)的。因為氣動馬達(dá)沒有電擊的危險，它還能在潮濕的環(huán)境中工作。 沖擊式或氣錘式氣動馬達(dá)主要應(yīng)用于切削、打鉚機(jī)、路面破碎機(jī)。供給啟動工具的壓縮空氣的表壓力通常是每英寸 90 磅。 商用馬達(dá)的型號功率范圍從 1/10 馬力（ 1 馬力 =）至 50 馬力，速度范圍從 20rpm 到 75000rpm。 研究旋轉(zhuǎn)式氣動馬達(dá)功率 速度曲線：輸出功率在速度為零到最大之間取得最大值。 氣動馬達(dá)的特點 氣動馬達(dá)可以在易爆的空氣中安全工作，并且具有安裝成本低，加速快速，啟動轉(zhuǎn)矩大的特點。 氣動馬達(dá)的類型 氣動馬達(dá)分為兩種類型：（ 1）旋轉(zhuǎn)式；（ 2）往復(fù)式。the motor can withstand repeated stalling and reversing without damage or air motor can accelerate(or speed up)rapidly,because the pressed air energy can be released at a high rate. Air motors are available mercially in sizes ranging from 1/10 7 ho