【正文】
( 1) 方程 (1)用來衡量一個(gè)項(xiàng)目的價(jià)值。 資本投資是創(chuàng)業(yè)者不可缺少的一部分。當(dāng)然,從目前的模型無意透漏的代理問題表明他們并不是重要的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 繼薩爾曼開創(chuàng)性的工作之后,一種關(guān)于創(chuàng)業(yè)資本家合同設(shè)計(jì)的理論文獻(xiàn)出現(xiàn)了。 本 文的第二個(gè)貢獻(xiàn)是在昂貴的盡職調(diào)查與高級 (或股權(quán)等 )金融合同建立起聯(lián)系。然而,對于新創(chuàng)公司,如果 籌集不到資金 ,那么公司可能幾乎沒有價(jià)值。為什么假設(shè)銀行不能(或者不選擇)作為一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資者進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格評估?為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)情境“設(shè)計(jì)”風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本是什么意思?當(dāng)人們注意到直接負(fù)債被作為逆向選擇問題的解決法案而實(shí)際上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資家們卻經(jīng)常持有可轉(zhuǎn)換優(yōu)先股,人們會(huì)倍感疑惑。想必并不是所有創(chuàng)業(yè)者都能依靠自有資金創(chuàng)業(yè),或是依靠銀行或者天使投資人填補(bǔ)空缺。 the question then bees which is more costeffective. The first contribution of the paper is to show that signaling can be prohibitively expensive in entrepreneurial financing markets, and so costly due diligence dominates. The “cost” of signaling is driven by the incentives of bad firms to pool. Yet, for startups, if funding is not obtained then the firm may have almost no value. With such low reservation values, bad entrepreneurs attempt to pool at nearly any cost. As the analysis shows, securities is unattractive enough to drive out bad entrepreneurs—and thus to serve as a credible signal—tend to be unattractive to good entrepreneurs as well. Costly due diligence emerges as the preferred solution. As testament to the empirical importance of due diligence costs in venture capital markets, Fried and Hans characterize the VC funding process as posed of six distinct, progressively rigorous stages of screening. This due diligence takes an average of 97 days to plete even before the first round of funding is initiated. The majority of funding proposals do not successfully pass through the first screen, let alone subsequent screens, and the full process is described as “much more involved in bank loan reviews. The second contribution of the paper is to illustrate a link between costly due diligence and highpowered (or equitylike) financial contracts. The intuition behind this link is simple. By definition, lowpowered contracts are safe。 按照巴里的說法,這些問題可以通過昂貴的盡職調(diào)查反映出來。通過直接揭示項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量, 可以減少企業(yè)家與投資家的信息不對稱。昂貴的盡職調(diào)查便作為首選解決方案出現(xiàn)。也就是說,各公司的 預(yù)期收益間差別不大。例如,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本家和企業(yè)家對待項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及退出戰(zhàn)略有不同的偏好。假設(shè)流動(dòng)性是外源的,價(jià)格有競爭的市場決策者決定,布特和薩克雷的研究表明:將證券分類成信息敏感類證券和安全類證券能夠增加或者減少經(jīng)營者發(fā)布信息的激勵(lì)機(jī)制。 創(chuàng)業(yè)者必須保證當(dāng)前資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值 V, 加上 剩余索取權(quán) 之后,若 能夠達(dá)到預(yù)期價(jià)值,那么合同就是可以接受的。 資金的一種來源是 那些 依據(jù)觀察進(jìn)行信用評價(jià)的 , 對企業(yè)不甚了解的投資者。同樣的,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資金家通常選擇采用技術(shù)進(jìn)行篩選,而以前這種做法并不明顯。在分離均衡中,良好的創(chuàng)業(yè)者提供一個(gè)安全環(huán)境而不良企業(yè)家都不喜歡這樣效仿。 本文認(rèn)為,在創(chuàng)業(yè)資本市場上,項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量比信息質(zhì)量的更具成本效益比。最安全的方式可能 還是收集信息,從而通過所獲得的信息篩選創(chuàng)業(yè)者 。人們可以在一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資基金里尋找一個(gè)普通合伙人籌集資本,宣布基金持有何種證券。認(rèn)股權(quán)證的加入從逆向選擇角度看令人費(fèi)解,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為證券主要強(qiáng)調(diào)不良環(huán)境的回報(bào)。在一個(gè)更豐滿的模型中,這兩個(gè)機(jī)制可以作為互相補(bǔ)充的部分 來 運(yùn)作。最后,聯(lián)營可以被看作是良好的創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)為上述兩種解決逆向選擇問題的方案太過昂貴的 的無奈之舉 。 創(chuàng)業(yè)者尋求的融資形式是不分優(yōu)劣的,而風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本家有一個(gè)評價(jià)等級。正如在引言提到的,這種方法就是負(fù)債。與成熟企業(yè)相比,對于初創(chuàng)企業(yè),當(dāng)前資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值是很小的,相對于其他參數(shù)(比如 K 和 τ )來說。其次,目前還不清楚這些公開出售模型如何 擴(kuò)展到創(chuàng)業(yè)資本市場,原因是驅(qū)動(dòng)其結(jié)果的假設(shè) ,即 完全無彈性的需求流動(dòng)性交易者的損失 ,無法與 創(chuàng)業(yè)資本 環(huán)境相適應(yīng) 。通過給予雙方大致對稱的回報(bào),關(guān)于未來行動(dòng)的利益沖突會(huì)被減輕。 總之,這個(gè)模型研究的有三點(diǎn):( 1)昂貴評價(jià)帶來的預(yù)期好處;( 2)這種昂貴評價(jià)作為解決傳統(tǒng)逆向選擇問題的方案; ( 3)傳統(tǒng)解決方案是由與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本市場對應(yīng)的參數(shù)模型所主導(dǎo)的。完整的融資過程被描述成“比銀行貸款參與性更高”。 論文的第一貢獻(xiàn)是證明在企業(yè)金融市場上消息 是昂貴的,盡職調(diào)查也是如此。 這種 看法存在幾個(gè)問題。 巴 里認(rèn)為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本正好填補(bǔ)了創(chuàng)業(yè)資本的空缺: 在 小規(guī)模階段,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資 本進(jìn)入資本市場是受限的。 ., expected payoffs vary little across firms. Highpowered contracts magnify the differential in payoff between funding good and bad projects, and hence magnify the incentives to screen out bad projects. In effect, highpowered contracts make the VC bear the cost of choosing entrepreneurs unwisely. Therefore highpowered contracts encourage due diligence. To summarize, this model is designed to make three simple points: (1) upside sharing is to be expected given costly evaluation, (2) such costly evaluations serve as a substitute traditional solutions to the adverse selection problem, and (3) traditional solutions are dominated for parameterizations of the model that correspond to venture capital markets. Following the pathbreakin